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Trauma-focused interventions for PTSD, however, predominantly focus on PTSD symptomology-related outcomes. Therefore, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding the treatment effects of psychological interventions in individuals with PTSD examining self-harm-related outcomes. This evidence synthesis will identify studies that investigate interventional effects on self-harm, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), and suicide attempts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A comprehensive bibliographic search will be conducted to identify eligible randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCT evaluation studies indexed in Ovid MEDLINE, Embase (Ovid), PTSDPubs (ProQuest), APA PsycInfo (Ovid), PubMed (NOT MEDLINE[SB]), Web of Science Core Collection (CPCI-SSH), CENTRAL, WHO ICTRP, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to present day. A range of supplementary search techniques will also be employed to reduce the file drawer effect. Two independent reviewers will screen records at a title\/abstract and full-text level, with 50% extracted data being cross-checked by an independent reviewer. Eligible studies will be assessed for risk-of-bias (RoB) using Cochrane\u2019s RoB 2.0 for RCTs and ROBINS-I for non-RCTs. A combination of random- and fixed-effects meta-analytic models will be performed separately for RCTs and non-RCTs, and for post-intervention and follow-up periods for self-harm, NSSI, and suicide attempts separately and in aggregate, using\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      -family effect sizes (including Hedges\u2019\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and risk ratio\/odds ratio for continuous and binary outcome data, respectively, with associated 95% confidence intervals. Sensitivity analyses will be performed to examine if methodological decisions impact on summary effects. Potential sources of heterogeneity will be examined as moderators (e.g. adults versus non-adults, intervention delivery, and complex PTSD versus PTSD) using mixed-effect meta-regression models. The evaluation of certainty of evidence of all main outcomes will be conducted using the GRADE approach. The review will be reported in accordance with PRISMA-S and PRISMA 2020 guidelines.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs and non-RCTs will provide a comprehensive synthesis of treatment effects of psychological interventions on self-harm related outcomes among individuals with PTSD. The results may increase a better understanding of which interventions are best suited to targeting self-harm outcomes in this population. The completed review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO CRD42024598594<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-025-03065-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T09:53:59Z","timestamp":1768298039000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Treatment effects of psychological interventions on self-harm in individuals with PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2735-7515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Tsang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"3065_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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