{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:51:27Z","timestamp":1788472287573,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000098","name":"National Institutes of Health Clinical Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Syst Rev"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Tick bites may expose individuals to a carbohydrate not found in humans, galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal). A spectrum of disorders may result from IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions to alpha-gal, including alpha-gal syndrome (AGS)\n                      <jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic>\n                      an allergy to meat or meat-derived products usually presenting 2\u20136\u00a0h after consuming the product plus positive alpha-gal specific IgE testing for the oligosaccharide. Reports of anaphylaxis in group O recipients of group B plasma in the absence of other risk factors for severe allergic reactions to blood transfusion could be alpha-gal sensitization; the allergen galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (Gal-alpha-1-3Gal\u03b21-(3)4GlcNAc-R) is\u00a0antigenically similar to the B blood group antigen (Gal-alpha-1\u20133(Fuc-alpha-1,2)Gal)\n                      <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                      The potential cross-reactivity of alpha-gal specific IgE to B type red blood cells may pose a safety consideration for blood donation and transfusion. This scoping review protocol will be used to research all publications on alpha-gal sensitization to (1) describe characteristics of all known cases of transfusion-related alpha-Gal syndrome (TRAGS) and hypersensitivity reactions to infusions of mammalian red meat-derived medical products besides blood components that may resemble TRAGS; (2) identify studies that explore possible relationships between alpha-gal sensitization and blood group that may be relevant to understanding TRAGS; (3) describe which clinical, laboratory, and epidemiologic parameters used to diagnose AGS food allergy are also appropriate to diagnose TRAGS; and (4) identify which diagnostic assays exist for AGS and how they are used for AGS and\/or TRAGS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using peer-reviewed search strategies, our study team will perform a scoping review with no date or language limit of all literature relevant to the research objectives in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, including title, abstract, full-text screening, and data collection using Covidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study involves published data predominantly from humans (and, rarely, animal) studies of diagnostic assays in development for use in humans. It does not require institutional review board or ethics approval. We intend to disseminate our findings to specialists in allergy, immunology, hematology, and blood banking and to patients or blood donors experiencing symptoms of alpha-gal sensitization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Open Science Framework (osf.io)\u00a0(DOI:\u00a0\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/WDZT6\" ext-link-type=\"doi\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/WDZT6<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-026-03134-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T12:47:10Z","timestamp":1771937230000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Alpha-gal sensitization and allergic transfusion reactions: a scoping review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5284-9052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maureen J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy C.","family":"Shields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roya","family":"Zarpak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Osterwind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattias","family":"Lenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirna","family":"Argueta Guevara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7201-3500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia A.","family":"Livinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0369-1700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"De Giorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"3134_CR1","unstructured":"CDC. 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JAMA. 2024;331(6):510\u201321.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3134_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1335911","volume":"15","author":"M Perusko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Perusko M, Grundstr\u00f6m J, Eldh M, Hamsten C, Apostolovic D, van Hage M. The \u03b1-Gal epitope - the cause of a global allergic disease. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1335911.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"3134_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aromataris E LC, Porritt K, Pilla B, Jordan Z, editors. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis: JBI; 2024 Available from: https:\/\/synthesismanual.jbi.global.","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-24-01"},{"issue":"4","key":"3134_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-21-00242","volume":"20","author":"MDJ Peters","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Khalil H, Larsen P, Marnie C, et al. Best practice guidance and reporting items for the development of scoping review protocols. JBI Evid Synth. 2022;20(4):953\u201368.","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"3134_CR11","unstructured":"McKenzie J, Page M, Mayo-Wilson E, Moher D, Takwoingi Y. PRISMA for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) 2024 Available from: https:\/\/www.prisma-statement.org\/scoping."},{"issue":"5","key":"3134_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.17811","volume":"64","author":"MJ Miller","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miller MJ, Lee P, Lee BG, Flegel WA, West-Mitchell K, Conry-Cantilena K, et al. Consideration for alpha-gal syndrome in two critically ill persons with group O blood who received group B plasma. Transfusion. 2024;64(5):949\u201351.","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"3134_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunbar NM, R.M.; K, Bellairs GRM, Cohn CS, Bary KS, Delettre F, et al. ABO-mismatched platelet and plasma transfusion practices and the potential for transfusion-related alpha-gal syndrome: The Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion Collaborative Study. Transfusion. 2025.","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.18338"},{"key":"3134_CR14","unstructured":"Open Science Framework Available from: http:\/\/www.osf.io."},{"key":"3134_CR15","unstructured":"Garrard J. How to Conduct a Literature Review (Health Sciences and Beyond): Review Matrix 2020 Available from: https:\/\/guides.library.vcu.edu\/health-sciences-lit-review."},{"issue":"2","key":"3134_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.01.032","volume":"140","author":"JR Brestoff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brestoff JR, Zaydman MA, Scott MG, Gronowski AM. Diagnosis of red meat allergy with antigen-specific IgE tests in serum. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(2):608-10.e5.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"3134_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Commins SP. Invited Commentary: Alpha-Gal Allergy: Tip of the Iceberg to a Pivotal Immune Response. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2016;16(9):61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11882-016-0641-6. 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The study will not involve clinical research participants, so our institution will not require institutional review board and ethics approval for this study. Patients and the public were not directly involved in the development of the scoping review protocol.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"N\/A (study will not involve human participants in clinical research).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"109"}}