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Although various pharmacological, behavioral, and physical interventions have demonstrated efficacy in improving sleep among children with ASD, the relative effectiveness of these interventions remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We will conduct a systematic literature search to identify randomized controlled trials that evaluate the efficacy of pharmacological (e.g., melatonin), psychological (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy), and physical (e.g., bright light therapy) interventions for sleep problems in children with ASD. We will search PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane CENTRAL, major trial registries, and regulatory agency websites. We will assess the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 (RoB 2.0) tool for primary outcome and the Risk Of Bias due to Missing Evidence in Network meta-analysis (ROB-MEN) tool for the bias due to missing network evidence. A network meta-analysis (NMA) will be performed to compare the included interventions. The primary outcome will be sleep onset latency, while secondary outcomes will include other sleep variables, all-cause dropouts, and sleep disturbances assessed using standardized measures. We will assess confidence in NMA(CINeMA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our NMA aims to provide evidence-based insights into the effectiveness of sleep interventions for clinicians, children with ASD, and their caregivers. This information will help guide treatment decisions and improve the quality of life for children with ASD and their families.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO CRD42024592795.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-026-03143-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T08:07:50Z","timestamp":1772179670000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative efficacy and acceptability of sleep interventions for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: a protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5358-5263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masatsugu","family":"Sakata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8717-0832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo G.","family":"Ostinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5500-9964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryuichiro","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5757-971X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hitomi","family":"Oi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6706-4912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shino","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1125-3145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rie","family":"Toyomoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2992-195X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shun","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6910-3591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kei","family":"Ohashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5696-9900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akane","family":"Nogimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3951-2222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rie","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7002-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurie","family":"McLay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2159-3776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshi A.","family":"Furukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3140-5038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukiyo","family":"Nagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5271-9346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsurou","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"3143_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwichtenberg AJ, Janis A, Lindsay A, Desai H, Sahu A, Kellerman A, et al. 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MS has received a personal fee from SONY outside the submitted work. EGO is supported by NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley at Oxford Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, by the NIHR Oxford Cognitive Health Clinical Research Facility, by the NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre (BRC-1215\u201320005), by the Brasenose College Senior Hulme Scholarship, and has also received research and consultancy fees from Angelini Pharma. The Sleep Research Institute of Edogawa University, to which RyY belongs, is collaborating with PARAMOUNT BED CO., LTD. and receiving research funding. SN has received research funding from Nomura Real Estate, S'UIMIN Inc., and Mitsubishi Electric Corporation outside the submitted work. TAF reports personal fees from Daiichi Sankyo, DT Axis, Micron, Shionogi, SONY and UpToDate, and a grant from DT Axis and Shionogi, outside the submitted work; In addition, TAF has a patent 7448125 and a pending patent 2022\u2013082495, and has licensed intellectual properties for Kokoro-app to Mitsubishi-Tanabe.\u00a0AY has received speaker\u2019s fees from Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; lecture fees from the Mental Care Association Japan and Asamidori-no-Kai, a social welfare corporation; manuscript fees from Igaku-Shoin Co., Ltd., Arcmedium Co., Ltd., and Chugai Igaku-Sha Co., Ltd.; and advisory fees and compensation as an expert member from Snom Co., Ltd.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"116"}}