{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:14:13Z","timestamp":1791378853848,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"West African Genetic Medicine Centre (WAGMC) of the University of Ghana"},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["D43 TW 011513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW 011513"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Syst Rev"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-026-03149-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T10:15:09Z","timestamp":1773915309000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the protective effects of thalassemia against malaria in Africa: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2761-4278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augustine Boakye","family":"Donkor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Badu","family":"Nyarko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwame Kumi","family":"Asare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecil Kwame Mfum","family":"Asa-Atiemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwadwo Asamoah","family":"Kusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaw Asare","family":"Afrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1652-8489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda Eva","family":"Amoah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"3149_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02147","author":"GL Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin GL, McGinley JP, Drysdale SB, Pollard AJ. Epidemiology and immune pathogenesis of viral sepsis. Front Immunol. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02147.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"3149_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twum S, Fosu K, Felder RA, Sarpong KAN. Bridging the gaps in newborn screening programmes: Challenges and opportunities to detect haemoglobinopathies in Africa. Vol. 12, African Journal of Laboratory Medicine. 2023.","DOI":"10.4102\/ajlm.v12i1.2225"},{"key":"3149_CR3","unstructured":"Guisan MC, & EP. aeid1627. Applied Econometrics and International Development. 2006;Vol. 16\u20132."},{"key":"3149_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018023069","author":"PT McGann","year":"2018","unstructured":"McGann PT, Williams AM, Ellis G, McElhinney KE, Romano L, Woodall J, et al. Prevalence of inherited blood disorders and associations with malaria and anemia in Malawian children. Blood Adv. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018023069.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"3149_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-015-0078-z","author":"AV Grant","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grant AV, Roussilhon C, Paul R, Sakuntabhai A. The genetic control of immunity to Plasmodium infection. BMC Immunol. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12865-015-0078-z.","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"3149_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2015.02.008","author":"IC Withrock","year":"2015","unstructured":"Withrock IC, Anderson SJ, Jefferson MA, McCormack GR, Mlynarczyk GSA, Nakama A, et al. Genetic diseases conferring resistance to infectious diseases. Genes Dis. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gendis.2015.02.008.","journal-title":"Genes Dis"},{"key":"3149_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2023.148022","author":"E Rao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rao E, Kumar Chandraker S, Misha Singh M, Kumar R. Global distribution of \u03b2-thalassemia mutations: an update. Gene. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gene.2023.148022.","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"3149_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/135100003225002952","author":"OB Akide-Ndunge","year":"2003","unstructured":"Akide-Ndunge OB, Ayi K, Arese P. The Haldane malaria hypothesis: facts, artifacts, and a prophecy. Redox Rep. 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/135100003225002952.","journal-title":"Redox Rep"},{"key":"3149_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14886","author":"MM Goheen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goheen MM, Campino S, Cerami C. The role of the red blood cell in host defence against falciparum malaria: an expanding repertoire of evolutionary alterations. Br J Haematol. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjh.14886.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"3149_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.69808","author":"ER Ebel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ebel ER, Kuypers FA, Lin C, Petrov DA, Egan ES. Common host variation drives malaria parasite fitness in healthy human red cells. Elife. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.69808.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"3149_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamanzi NG. Hemoglobinopathy for Malaria Protection: A Comprehensive Review. Idosr Journal Of Biochemistry, Biotechnology And Allied Fields. 2024;9(3):30\u20134. Available from: https:\/\/www.idosr.org\/hemoglobinopathy-for-malaria-protection-a-comprehensive-review\/ Accessed 13th January 2024.","DOI":"10.59298\/IDOSR\/JBBAF\/24\/93.3034000"},{"key":"3149_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns5010016","author":"M Angastiniotis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Angastiniotis M, Lobitz S. Thalassemias: an overview. Int J Neonatal Screen. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijns5010016.","journal-title":"Int J Neonatal Screen"},{"issue":"4 April","key":"3149_CR13","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"T Penglong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Penglong T, Saensuwanna A, Jantapaso H, Phuwakanjana P, Jearawiriyapaisarn N, Paiboonsukwong K, et al. MiR-214 aggravates oxidative stress in thalassemic erythroid cells by targeting ATF4. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(4 April):1.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3149_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2010\/973094","author":"G Dhangadamajhi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dhangadamajhi G, Kar SK, Ranjit M. The survival strategies of malaria parasite in the red blood cell and host cell polymorphisms. Malar Res Treat. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4061\/2010\/973094.","journal-title":"Malar Res Treat"},{"issue":"10","key":"3149_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3364","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-11-3820","volume":"104","author":"K Ayi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ayi K, Turrini F, Piga A, Arese P. Enhanced phagocytosis of ring-parasitized mutant erythrocytes: A common mechanism that may explain protection against falciparum malaria in sickle trait and beta-thalassemia trait. Blood. 2004;104(10):3364\u201371.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"3149_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.12122","author":"C Opoku-Okrah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Opoku-Okrah C, Gordge M, Kweku Nakua E, Abgenyega T, Parry M, Robertson C, et al. An investigation of the protective effect of alpha+-thalassaemia against severe Plasmodium falciparum amongst children in Kumasi, Ghana. Int J Lab Hematol. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijlh.12122.","journal-title":"Int J Lab Hematol"},{"key":"3149_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eridani S. Sickle cell protection from malaria. Vol. 3, Hematology Reports. MDPI; 2011. p. 72\u20137.","DOI":"10.4081\/hr.2011.e24"},{"key":"3149_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-10-533489","author":"SH Atkinson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Atkinson SH, Uyoga SM, Nyatichi E, Macharia AW, Nyutu G, Ndila C, et al. Epistasis between the haptoglobin common variant and \u03b1 +thalassemia influences risk of severe malaria in Kenyan children. Blood. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2013-10-533489.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"S23","key":"3149_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(1996)23+<137::AID-AJPA5>3.0.CO;2-2","volume":"101","author":"G Destro-Bisol","year":"1996","unstructured":"Destro-Bisol G, Giardina B, Sansonetti B, Spedini G. Interaction between oxidized hemoglobin and the cell membrane: a common basis for severalfalciparum malaria-linked genetic traits. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1996;101(S23):137\u201359.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3149_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoz034","volume":"2019","author":"J Ha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ha J, Martinson R, Iwamoto SK, Nishi A. Hemoglobin E, malaria and natural selection. Evol Med Public Health. 2019;2019(1):232\u201341.","journal-title":"Evol Med Public Health"},{"key":"3149_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037214","author":"MA Krause","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krause MA, Diakite SAS, Lopera-Mesa TM, Amaratunga C, Arie T, Traore K, et al. \u03b1-thalassemia impairs the cytoadherence of plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. PLoS ONE. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0037214.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"3149_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3536(98)80069-3","volume":"11","author":"J Flint","year":"1998","unstructured":"Flint J, Harding RM, Boyce AJ, Clegg JB. The population genetics of the haemoglobinopathies. Baillieres Clin Haematol. 1998;11(1):1\u201351.","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Haematol"},{"key":"3149_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.31579","author":"DH Opi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Opi DH, Swann O, Macharia A, Uyoga S, Band G, Ndila CM, et al. Two complement receptor one alleles have opposing associations with cerebral malaria and interact with \u03b1+thalassaemia. Elife. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.31579.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"3149_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.83874","author":"SN Kariuki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kariuki SN, Macharia AW, Makale J, Nyamu W, Hoffman SL, Kapulu MC, et al. The Dantu blood group prevents parasite growth in vivo: evidence from a controlled human malaria infection study. Elife. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.83874.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"3149_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-3105-3","author":"E Kakande","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kakande E, Greenhouse B, Bajunirwe F, Drakeley C, Nankabirwa JI, Walakira A, et al. Associations between red blood cell variants and malaria among children and adults from three areas of Uganda: A prospective cohort study. Malar J. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-020-3105-3.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3149_CR26","unstructured":"Page, Matthew J., Joanne E. McKenzie, Patrick M. Bossuyt, Isabelle Boutron, Tammy C. Hoffmann, Cynthia D. Mulrow, Larissa Shamseer et al. \"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews.\"\u00a0bmj\u00a0372 (2021)."},{"key":"3149_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saguti F, Balthazary S, Manjurano A, Max R, Tenu F, Francis F, et al. Relationship between alpha+-thalassaemia and glutathione-S-transferases polymorphisms in children with severe malaria in Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 2013;15(2).","DOI":"10.4314\/thrb.v15i2.2"},{"key":"3149_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203229","author":"A Mpimbaza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mpimbaza A, Walakira A, Ndeezi G, Katahoire A, Karamagi C, Nsobya SL, et al. Associations between erythrocyte polymorphisms and risks of uncomplicated and severe malaria in Ugandan children: A case control study. PLoS ONE. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0203229.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3149_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmu077","author":"M Daou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Daou M, Kituma E, Kavishe R, Chilongola J, Mosha F, Van Der Ven A, et al. \u03b1-Thalassaemia trait is associated with antibody prevalence against malaria antigens AMA-1 and MSP-1. J Trop Pediatr. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tropej\/fmu077.","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"3149_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4181-8","volume":"12","author":"H Lamptey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lamptey H, Ofori MF, Adu B, Kusi KA, Dickson EK, Quakyi I, et al. Association between alpha-thalassaemia trait, Plasmodium falciparum asexual parasites and gametocyte carriage in a malaria endemic area in Southern Ghana. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):134.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"3149_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01444","author":"WC Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee WC, Russell B, R\u00e9nia L. Sticking for a cause: the falciparum malaria parasites cytoadherence paradigm. Front Immunol. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01444.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"3149_CR32","unstructured":"Zareen S, Rehman HU, Gul N, Zareen H, Hisham M, Rehman MU, et al. Malaria is still a life threatening disease review. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies JEZS. 2016;105(45)."},{"key":"3149_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.855795","author":"AM Scovino","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scovino AM, Totino PRR, Morrot A. Eryptosis as a new insight in malaria pathogenesis. Front Immunol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.855795.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"3149_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang S, Chen Z, Chen M, Huang H. Current status and trends in thalassemia burden across South, East and Southeast Asia, 1990\u20132021 a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):3472. Available from: https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20983-y Accessed 15th January, 2024.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20983-y"}],"container-title":["Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13643-026-03149-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13643-026-03149-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13643-026-03149-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T01:20:56Z","timestamp":1777339256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13643-026-03149-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-026-03149-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2046-4053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-4053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"146"}}