{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T05:24:09Z","timestamp":1794288249846,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1794268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":133,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSN2512053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSN2512053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Syst Rev"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-026-03252-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T13:11:14Z","timestamp":1782825074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of inflammatory fluid biomarkers with the progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ji-Woo","family":"Seok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kahye","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaeuk U.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2265-3833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin Mi","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"3252_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.01.010","volume":"15","author":"A As","year":"2019","unstructured":"As A. 2019 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement. 2019;15:321\u201387.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"3252_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.003","volume":"7","author":"RA Sperling","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Bennett DA, Craft S, Fagan AM, et al. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7:280\u201392.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"3252_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abuelezz NZ, Nasr FE, AbdulKader MA, Bassiouny AR, Zaky A: MicroRNAs as potential orchestrators of Alzheimer's disease-related pathologies: insights on current status and future possibilities. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:2021.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.743573"},{"key":"3252_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29122812","author":"J Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang J, Zhi W, Wang L. Role of tau protein in neurodegenerative diseases and development of its targeted drugs: a literature review. Molecules. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29122812.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"3252_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-023-01304-8","volume":"15","author":"K Blanco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Blanco K, Salcidua S, Orellana P, Sauma-P\u00e9rez T, Le\u00f3n T, Steinmetz LCL, et al. Systematic review: fluid biomarkers and machine learning methods to improve the diagnosis from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2023;15:176.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"3252_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00070-3","volume":"15","author":"B Olsson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Olsson B, Lautner R, Andreasson U, \u00d6hrfelt A, Portelius E, Bjerke M, et al. CSF and blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15:673\u201384.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"3252_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","volume":"14","author":"JC Jack","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jack JC, Bennett DA, Blennow K, Carrillo MC, Dunn B, Haeberlein SB, et al. NIA-AA research framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14:535\u201362.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"3252_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101699","volume":"81","author":"RX Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li RX, Ma YH, Tan L, Yu JT. Prospective biomarkers of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2022;81:101699.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"3252_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-018-0459-7","volume":"11","author":"L Parnetti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parnetti L, Chipi E, Salvadori N, D\u2019Andrea K, Eusebi P. Prevalence and risk of progression of preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease stages: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019;11:7.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"3252_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02853-3","volume":"20","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen Y, Yu Y. Tau and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: interplay mechanisms and clinical translation. J Neuroinflammation. 2023;20:165.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"3252_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316201","volume":"88","author":"KSP Lai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lai KSP, Liu CS, Rau A, Lanct\u00f4t KL, K\u00f6hler CA, Pakosh M, et al. Peripheral inflammatory markers in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 175 studies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017;88:876\u201382.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"3252_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-319148","volume":"90","author":"XN Shen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shen XN, Niu LD, Wang YJ, Cao XP, Liu Q, Tan L, et al. Inflammatory markers in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis and systematic review of 170 studies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019;90:590\u20138.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"3252_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-330052","volume":"94","author":"S Ayton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ayton S, Janelidze S, Kalinowski P, Palmqvist S, Belaidi AA, Stomrud E, et al. CSF ferritin in the clinicopathological progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and associations with APOE and inflammation biomarkers. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2023;94:211\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"3252_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2015-2044","volume":"75","author":"J Kwiatek-Majkusiak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kwiatek-Majkusiak J, Dickson DW, Tacik P, Aoki N, Tomasiuk R, Koziorowski D, et al. Relationships between typical histopathological hallmarks and the ferritin in the hippocampus from patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2015;75:391\u20138.","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars)"},{"key":"3252_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220002","volume":"88","author":"R Pan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pan R, Luo S, Huang Q, Li W, Cai T, Lai K, et al. The associations of cerebrospinal fluid ferritin with neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation along the Alzheimer\u2019s disease continuum. J Alzheimers Dis. 2022;88:1115\u201325.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"3252_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-023-03256-w","volume":"23","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Z, Wu H, Luo Y, Tan X. Correlation of serum complement factor 5a level with inflammatory response and cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease of different severity. BMC Neurol. 2023;23:319.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"3252_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03163-y","volume":"21","author":"S Lista","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lista S, Imbimbo BP, Grasso M, Fidilio A, Emanuele E, Minoretti P, et al. Tracking neuroinflammatory biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a strategy for individualized therapeutic approaches? J Neuroinflammation. 2024;21:187.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"3252_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/cen3.12613","volume":"12","author":"L Rasi Marzabadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rasi Marzabadi L, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Talebi M. Circulating inflammatory cytokine levels correlates with cognitive impairment. Clin Exp Neuroimmunol. 2021;12:66\u201371.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"3252_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae230","volume":"148","author":"H Cai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cai H, Zhao T, Pang Y, Fu X, Ren Z, Quan S, et al. Systemic inflammatory markers in ageing, Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias. Brain. 2025;148:480\u201392.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"3252_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz036","volume":"21","author":"EA S\u00e1nchez Romero","year":"2020","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez Romero EA, Fern\u00e1ndez-Carnero J, Calvo-Lobo C, Ochoa S\u00e1ez V, Burgos Caballero V, Pecos-Mart\u00edn D. Is a combination of exercise and dry needling effective for knee OA? Pain Med. 2020;21:349\u201363.","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"3252_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12403","volume":"19","author":"C Su","year":"2019","unstructured":"Su C, Zhao K, Xia H, Xu Y. Peripheral inflammatory biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychogeriatrics. 2019;19:300\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"3252_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-6-200603210-00010","volume":"144","author":"JA Hayden","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hayden JA, C\u00f4t\u00e9 P, Bombardier C. Evaluation of the quality of prognosis studies in systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:427\u201337.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"3252_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-4-201302190-00009","volume":"158","author":"JA Hayden","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hayden JA, van der Windt DA, Cartwright JL, C\u00f4t\u00e9 P, Bombardier C. Assessing bias in studies of prognostic factors. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158:280\u20136.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"3252_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026","volume":"64","author":"G Guyatt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, Kunz R, Vist G, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:383\u201394.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"3252_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-023-02093-6","volume":"56","author":"SW Berkhout","year":"2024","unstructured":"Berkhout SW, Haaf JM, Gronau QF, Heck DW, Wagenmakers E-J. A tutorial on Bayesian model-averaged meta-analysis in JASP. Behav Res Methods. 2024;56:1260\u201382.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"3252_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0800800102","volume":"8","author":"RJ Harris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Harris RJ, Deeks JJ, Altman DG, Bradburn MJ, Harbord RM, Sterne JAC. Metan: fixed- and random-effects meta-analysis. Stata J. 2008;8:3\u201328.","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"key":"3252_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2008.182","volume":"46","author":"JE Noble","year":"2008","unstructured":"Noble JE, Wang L, Cerasoli E, Knight AE, Porter RA, Gray E, et al. An international comparability study to determine the sources of uncertainty associated with a non-competitive sandwich fluorescent ELISA. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2008;46:1033\u201345.","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"3252_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","volume":"21","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21:1539\u201358.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"3252_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128804","volume":"10","author":"S Donegan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Donegan S, Williams L, Dias S, Tudur-Smith C, Welton N. Exploring treatment by covariate interactions using subgroup analysis and meta-regression in cochrane reviews: a review of recent practice. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0128804.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3252_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/149897","volume":"31","author":"MDP Carrera-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carrera-Gonz\u00e1lez MDP, Cant\u00f3n-Habas V, Rich-Ruiz M. Aging, depression and dementia: the inflammatory process. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2022;31:469\u201373.","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"3252_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00130","volume":"7","author":"A Christensen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Christensen A, Pike CJ. Menopause, obesity and inflammation: interactive risk factors for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2015;7:130.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"3252_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-307719","volume":"86","author":"Y Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu Y, Yu JT, Wang HF, Han PR, Tan CC, Wang C, et al. APOE genotype and neuroimaging markers of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86:127\u201334.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"3252_CR33","first-page":"1","volume":"602","author":"AI McLeod","year":"2005","unstructured":"McLeod AI. Kendall rank correlation and Mann-Kendall trend test. R package Kendall. 2005;602:1\u201310.","journal-title":"R package Kendall"},{"key":"3252_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Egger M. Regression Methods to Detect Publication and Other Bias in Meta-Analysis. In: Publication Bias in Meta\u2010Analysis. 2005. p. 99\u2013110.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470870168.ch6"},{"key":"3252_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0400400204","volume":"4","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Harbord RM. Funnel plots in meta-analysis. Stata J. 2004;4:127\u201341.","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"key":"3252_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x","volume":"56","author":"S Duval","year":"2000","unstructured":"Duval S, Tweedie R. Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics. 2000;56:455\u201363.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"3252_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13450","volume":"20","author":"W Pelkmans","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pelkmans W, Shekari M, Brugulat-Serrat A, S\u00e1nchez-Benavides G, Minguill\u00f3n C, Fauria K, et al. Astrocyte biomarkers GFAP and YKL-40 mediate early Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression. Alzheimers Dement. 2024;20:483\u201393.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"3252_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00549-x","volume":"17","author":"BM Bettcher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bettcher BM, Tansey MG, Doroth\u00e9e G, Heneka MT. Peripheral and central immune system crosstalk in Alzheimer disease - a research prospectus. Nat Rev Neurol. 2021;17:689\u2013701.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"3252_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205016666190321154618","volume":"16","author":"E Paouri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Paouri E, Georgopoulos S. Systemic and CNS inflammation crosstalk: implications for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2019;16:559\u201374.","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"3252_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2010.03255.x","volume":"129","author":"JS Yi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yi JS, Cox MA, Zajac AJ. T-cell exhaustion: characteristics, causes and conversion. Immunology. 2010;129:474\u201381.","journal-title":"Immunology"}],"container-title":["Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13643-026-03252-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13643-026-03252-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13643-026-03252-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T05:08:43Z","timestamp":1794287323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13643-026-03252-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-026-03252-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2046-4053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-4053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approval is not required for this study as it is based on a review of previously published data and does not involve any individual-level human participant data.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study does not include any individual data (e.g., images, videos, or personal information) requiring consent for publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"291"}}