{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T04:09:00Z","timestamp":1792728540852,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) constitutes public health problems linked to adverse mental outcomes such as psychological distress during adulthood. This study examines the prevalence of ACEs and psychological distress and explores the association between ACEs and psychological distress and demographic factors among young adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional study of 330 students from May 2018 to July 2018. The participants completed the Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ), Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), and the sociodemographic profile scale. We used descriptive statistics to describe the prevalence of ACEs and psychological distress in our sample. After adjusting for the demographic covariates, ACEs\u2019 association with psychological distress was determined using binary and multivariate logistic regressions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 203 students with a mean age of 20.76\u2009\u00b1\u20092.73\u2009years completed the study. The total mean ACE score was 4.58\u2009\u00b1\u20091.59, and the total mean psychological distress score was 20.76\u2009\u00b1\u20096.31. Most of the participants (86.7%) experienced ACEs, 14.8% reported experiencing one ACE, 30.5% reported experiencing 2\u20133 ACEs, and 41.3% reported experiencing 4+ ACEs. Further, about 85% of the youth have experienced at least one form of sexual abuse during childhood, and females reported a higher number of ACEs than males. Sexual abuse (OR\u2009=\u20092.36; 95% CI: 2.36, 7.65), physical neglect (OR\u2009=\u20092.87; 95% CI: 1.57, 5.31), overall ACE exposure (OR\u2009=\u20096.66; 95% CI: 2.41, 18.42), having 1 ACE (OR\u2009=\u20094.40; 95% CI: 1.32, 14.70), having 2\u20133 ACEs (OR\u2009=\u20094.13; 95% CI: 1.39, 12.29), and having 4+ (OR\u2009=\u200911.67; 95% CI: 3.95, 34.45) were significantly associated with psychological distress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ACEs are prevalent among young adults and are associated with psychological distress in adulthood. Furthermore, parental factors are associated with ACEs and psychological distress. Thus, implementation of school, community-and facility-based routine mental health screening programs is essential for prompt identification, prevention, and treatment of youth with childhood adversities and poor mental health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-021-00587-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T08:05:32Z","timestamp":1619683532000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Adverse childhood experiences and psychological distress among higher education students in Southeast Nigeria: an institutional-based cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Olaoluwa Samson","family":"Agbaje","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinwe Patience","family":"Nnaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn Nwanebe","family":"Nwagu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5198-6357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cylia Nkechi","family":"Iweama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prince Christian Ifeanachor","family":"Umoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawretta Eyuche","family":"Ozoemena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles Chike","family":"Abba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9801","key":"587_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60827-1","volume":"378","author":"C Kieling","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kieling C, Baker-Henningham H, Belfer M, Conti G, Ertem I, Omigbodun O, et al. 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We provided the students with informed consent in the English Language. We trained research assistants on the content of the questionnaires and ethical conduct of violence research, including confidentiality and safety issues. Interviews were conducted privately; data were de-identified and only accessible by study staff to ensure confidentiality. The students\u2019 participation in the survey was entirely voluntary, their anonymity was guaranteed, and they had the right to withdraw from the study at any time without any penalty. Before participation, verbal consent was given by the students. We used the ACE-IQ interviewer\u2019s generic guidelines developed by CDC [\n                      \n                      ] during the pilot study and the main study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"62"}}