{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T23:44:43Z","timestamp":1785800683671,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016239","name":"University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016239","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"General Incorporated Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H30-josei-ippan-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H30-josei-ippan-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research for the Establishment of an Occupational Health System in Times of Disaster","award":["H30-roudou-ippan-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H30-roudou-ippan-007"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010795","name":"Chugai Pharmaceutical","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010795","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hitachi Systems"},{"name":"the Collabo-Health Study Group"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To prevent the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), it is important to avoid 3Cs (closed spaces, crowded places, and close-contact settings). However, the risk of contact with an unspecified number of people is inevitable while commuting to and from work. In this study, we investigated the relationship between commuting, and the risk of COVID-19 and COVID-19-induced anxiety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An internet-based questionnaire survey was conducted to obtain a dataset from 27,036 respondents. One-way commuting time was evaluated using a five-case method. The commuting distance was estimated using zip codes of the home and workplace. Logistic regression analysis was performed with the following outcomes: COVID-19 risk, close contact, infection anxiety, and infection anxiety due to commuting. Commuting distance and commuting time were analyzed separately in the model. We excluded participants with incalculable commuting distance, commuting distance exceeding 300\u2009km, commuting distance of 0\u2009km, or who telecommuted at least once a week.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The total number of participants included in the analysis was 14,038. The adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of using public transportation for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection were 4.17 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.51\u20136.93) (commuting time) and 5.18 (95% CI: 3.06\u20138.78) (commuting distance). The aOR of COVID-19 diagnosis decreased significantly with increasing commuting distance. The aORs of using public transportation to infection anxiety were 1.44 (95% CI: 1.31\u20131.59) (commuting time) and 1.45 (95% CI: 1.32\u20131.60) (commuting distance). The longer the commuting time, the more the aOR increased.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID-19 risk, close contact, and infection anxiety were all associated with the use of public transportation during commuting. Both commuting distance and time were associated with infection anxiety due to commuting, and the strength of the association increased with increase in commuting time distance. Since transportation by commuting is associated with COVID-19 risk and anxiety, we recommend the use of telecommuting and other means of work.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-021-00751-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T22:03:43Z","timestamp":1639001023000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effect of commuting on the risk of COVID-19 and COVID-19-induced anxiety in Japan, December 2020"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7717-0030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hajime","family":"Ando","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Ikegami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohisa","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seiichiro","family":"Tateishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisashi","family":"Eguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayumi","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinya","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihisa","family":"Fujino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Ogami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the CORoNaWork Project","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"18","key":"751_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","volume":"382","author":"WJ Guan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. 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The survey was conducted after an online confirmation of the participants\u2019 consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors have read and agreed to the publication of the final version of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare regarding this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"222"}}