{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T06:24:09Z","timestamp":1775715849929,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745712000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Public Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-025-01596-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T06:51:33Z","timestamp":1745736693000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hydroxychloroquine use during the first COVID-19 wave: a case study highlighting the urgent need to enhance research practices within the publication ecosystem"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Beaudart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flora","family":"Musuamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9d\u00e9a","family":"Locquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Dogn\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Douxfils","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1596_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13050","volume":"14","author":"EM Smith","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith EM. Reimagining the peer-review system for translational health science journals. Clin Transl Sci. 2021;14:1210\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"1596_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-03974-8","volume":"624","author":"R Van Noorden","year":"2023","unstructured":"Van Noorden R. More than 10,000 research papers were Retracted in 2023 - a new record. Nature. 2023;624:479\u201381.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1596_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S288677","volume":"12","author":"EI Benchimol","year":"2020","unstructured":"Benchimol EI, Moher D, Ehrenstein V, Langan SM. Retraction of COVID-19 pharmacoepidemiology research could have been avoided by effective use of reporting guidelines. Clin Epidemiol. 2020;12:1403\u201320.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"1596_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehra MR, Desai SS, Ruschitzka F, Patel AN. RETRACTED: hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis. Lancet, (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31180-6"},{"key":"1596_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.116055","volume":"171","author":"A Pradelle","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pradelle A, Mainbourg S, Provencher S, Massy E, Grenet G, Lega JC. Deaths induced by compassionate use of hydroxychloroquine during the first COVID-19 Wave: an estimate. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024;171:116055.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"1596_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Townsend D, editor. \u2018s Note on Deaths induced by compassionate use of hydroxychloroquine during the first COVID-19 wave: An estimate [Biomed. Pharmacother. 171 (2024) 116055]. Biomed Pharmacother 171, 116183 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.116055"},{"key":"1596_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofaa130","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa130","volume":"7","author":"KA Pastick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pastick KA, et al. Review: hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7:ofaa130.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"1596_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13468","volume":"16","author":"O Mitja","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mitja O, et al. Hydroxychloroquine for treatment of non-hospitalized adults with COVID-19: A meta-analysis of individual participant data of randomized trials. Clin Transl Sci. 2023;16:524\u201335.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"1596_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1834","volume":"5","author":"NJ Mercuro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mercuro NJ, et al. Risk of QT interval prolongation associated with use of hydroxychloroquine with or without concomitant Azithromycin among hospitalized patients testing positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:1036\u201341.","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"1596_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22446-z","volume":"12","author":"C Axfors","year":"2021","unstructured":"Axfors C, et al. Mortality outcomes with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in COVID-19 from an international collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials. Nat Commun. 2021;12:2349.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1596_CR11","first-page":"CD013587","volume":"2","author":"B Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh B, Ryan H, Kredo T, Chaplin M, Fletcher T. Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;2:CD013587.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"1596_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022926","volume":"383","author":"RC Group","year":"2020","unstructured":"Group RC, et al. Effect of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2030\u201340.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1596_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00519-0","volume":"399","author":"WHOST Consortium","year":"2022","unstructured":"Consortium WHOST. Remdesivir and three other drugs for hospitalised patients with COVID-19: final results of the WHO solidarity randomised trial and updated meta-analyses. Lancet. 2022;399:1941\u201353.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1596_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0873","volume":"RETRACTED","author":"S Abd-Elsalam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abd-Elsalam S, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19: A multicenter randomized controlled study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 103. 2020;RETRACTED:1635\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg 103"},{"key":"1596_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofac567","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac567","volume":"9","author":"Correction to","year":"2022","unstructured":"Correction to. Treating COVID-19 with hydroxychloroquine (TEACH): A multicenter, Double-Blind randomized controlled trial in hospitalized patients. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9:ofac567.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"1596_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106144","volume":"56","author":"L Catteau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Catteau L, et al. Low-dose hydroxychloroquine therapy and mortality in hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a nationwide observational study of 8075 participants. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56:106144.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"1596_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa237","volume":"71","author":"X Yao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yao X, et al. In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:732\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1596_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-01105-9","volume":"20","author":"Z Rafi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rafi Z, Greenland S. Semantic and cognitive tools to aid statistical science: replace confidence and significance by compatibility and surprise. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2020;20:244.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"1596_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2022.107127","volume":"164","author":"S Greenland","year":"2022","unstructured":"Greenland S, Mansournia MA, Joffe M. To curb research misreporting, replace significance and confidence by compatibility: A preventive medicine golden jubilee Article. Prev Med. 2022;164:107127.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"1596_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloepi.2024.100151","volume":"8","author":"A Rovetta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rovetta A, Mansournia MA, Vitale A. For a proper use of frequentist Inferential statistics in public health. Glob Epidemiol. 2024;8:100151.","journal-title":"Glob Epidemiol"},{"key":"1596_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-00857-9","volume":"567","author":"V Amrhein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amrhein V, Greenland S, McShane B. Scientists rise up against statistical significance. Nature. 2019;567:305\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1596_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.24.250","volume":"57","author":"A Rovetta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rovetta A, Mansournia MA. P\u2009>\u20090.05 is good: the NORD-h protocol for several hypothesis analysis based on known risks, costs, and benefits. J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57:511\u201320.","journal-title":"J Prev Med Public Health"},{"key":"1596_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rovetta A. Statistical significance misuse in public health research: an investigation of the current situation and possible solutions. J Health Policy Outcomes Res, (2024).","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.09.04.23295032"},{"key":"1596_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemep.2021.100723","volume":"19","author":"C Bommier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bommier C. To better reproducibility, peer-reviewing musts move forward! Ethics Med Public Health. 2021;19:100723.","journal-title":"Ethics Med Public Health"},{"key":"1596_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-024-07504-6","volume":"50","author":"C Robba","year":"2024","unstructured":"Robba C, Citerio G, Jaber S. Redefining the paradigm: incentivizing the peer review process for scientific advancement. Intensive Care Med. 2024;50:1320\u20132.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"1596_CR26","unstructured":"Alam S, Patel J, Chap C, Robbie S, Scheffler U, Moylan E. Potential paper mills and what to do about them\u2013 a publisher\u2019s perspective.) (2024)."},{"key":"1596_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-024-01609-0","volume":"630","author":"H Else","year":"2024","unstructured":"Else H. Biomedical paper Retractions have quadrupled in 20 years - why? Nature. 2024;630:280\u20131.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1596_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.13019","volume":"31","author":"M McKeown","year":"2024","unstructured":"McKeown M. Article peer review: is collegiate Cooperation under threat, why and what to do about it? J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2024;31:652\u20133.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"1596_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3002362","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002362","volume":"21","author":"RT Thibault","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thibault RT, Amaral OB, Argolo F, Bandrowski AE, Davidson AR, Drude NI. Open science 2.0: towards a truly collaborative research ecosystem. PLoS Biol. 2023;21:e3002362.","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"}],"container-title":["Archives of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13690-025-01596-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13690-025-01596-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13690-025-01596-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T06:51:35Z","timestamp":1745736695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/archpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13690-025-01596-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1596"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13690-025-01596-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-3258"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-3258","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"115"}}