{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T03:16:52Z","timestamp":1793848612566,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Public Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-025-01736-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T14:09:06Z","timestamp":1760710146000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The burden and determinants of intimate partner violence against reproductive-age women in four East African countries: evidence from 2021\/2023 DHS dataset"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Gebresilassie","family":"Tadesse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girum","family":"Nakie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gidey","family":"Rtbey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Techilo","family":"Tinsae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Setegn","family":"Fentahun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fantahun","family":"Andualem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mulualem","family":"Kelebie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilkal Abebaw","family":"Wassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tigist Kifle","family":"Tsegaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Getasew","family":"Kibralew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"1736_CR1","first-page":"87","volume":"1","author":"L Heise","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heise L, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence by intimate partners. World Rep Violence Health. 2002;1:87\u2013113.","journal-title":"World Rep Violence Health"},{"key":"1736_CR2","unstructured":"Buntin JT. Intimate Partner Violence. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition. 2015. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/77432\/WHO_RHR_12.36_eng.pdf"},{"key":"1736_CR3","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Moreno C, Jansen H, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts C. WHO multi-country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence against women. Geneva: World health organization. 2005;204(1):18."},{"key":"1736_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krug E. World report on violence and health. World Health Organ. 2002;12.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11133-0"},{"key":"1736_CR5","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly. Declaration on the elimination of violence against women. A\/RES\/48\/104. New York: United Nations. 1993. Available from: https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/179739"},{"key":"1736_CR6","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Comprehensive mental health action plan 2013\u20132030. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240031029"},{"issue":"10327","key":"1736_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02664-7","volume":"399","author":"L Sardinha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sardinha L, Maheu-Giroux M, St\u00f6ckl H, Meyer SR, Garc\u00eda-Moreno C. Global, regional, and national prevalence estimates of physical or sexual, or both, intimate partner violence against women in 2018. Lancet. 2022;399(10327):803\u201313.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380231155529","volume":"25","author":"SJ White","year":"2024","unstructured":"White SJ, Sin J, Sweeney A, Salisbury T, Wahlich C, Montesinos Guevara CM, et al. Global prevalence and mental health outcomes of intimate partner violence among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2024;25(1):494\u2013511.","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002208","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-002208","volume":"5","author":"CV Coll","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coll CV, Ewerling F, Garc\u00eda-Moreno C, Hellwig F, Barros AJ. Intimate partner violence in 46 low-income and middle-income countries: an appraisal of the most vulnerable groups of women using national health surveys. BMJ Global Health. 2020;5(1):e002208.","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"1736_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-698X-9-14","volume":"9","author":"OA Uthman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Uthman OA, Lawoko S, Moradi T. Factors associated with attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women: a comparative analysis of 17 sub-Saharan countries. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2009;9:1\u201315.","journal-title":"BMC Int Health Hum Rights"},{"issue":"9543","key":"1736_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69523-8","volume":"368","author":"C Garcia-Moreno","year":"2006","unstructured":"Garcia-Moreno C, Jansen HA, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts CH. Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence. Lancet. 2006;368(9543):1260\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"1736_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030903","volume":"17","author":"MD Muluneh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muluneh MD, Stulz V, Francis L, Agho K. Gender based violence against women in sub-Saharan africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(3):903.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1736_CR13","unstructured":"WorldHealth Organization. Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. World Health Organization; 2013."},{"issue":"3","key":"1736_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.7.3.277","volume":"7","author":"LA McCloskey","year":"2016","unstructured":"McCloskey LA, Boonzaier F, Steinbrenner SY, Hunter T. Determinants of intimate partner violence in sub-Saharan africa: a review of prevention and intervention programs. Partn Abuse. 2016;7(3):277\u2013315.","journal-title":"Partn Abuse"},{"issue":"11","key":"1736_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1785","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00313-9","volume":"12","author":"AF Dadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dadi AF, Ahmed KY, Berhane Y, Bizuayehu HM, Tesema GA, Hassen TA, et al. Intimate partner violence and childhood health outcomes in 37 sub-Saharan African countries: an analysis of demographic health survey data from 2011 to 2022. Lancet Global Health. 2024;12(11):e1785\u201393.","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01656-7","volume":"22","author":"SA Kebede","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kebede SA, Weldesenbet AB, Tusa BS. Magnitude and determinants of intimate partner violence against women in East Africa: multilevel analysis of recent demographic and health survey. BMC Womens Health. 2022;22(1):74.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"1736_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0288917","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288917","volume":"18","author":"ZT Tessema","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tessema ZT, Gebrie WM, Tesema GA, Alemneh TS, Teshale AB, Yeshaw Y, et al. Intimate partner violence and its associated factors among reproductive-age women in East Africa: a generalized mixed effect robust poisson regression model. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(8):e0288917.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"1736_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260506295381","volume":"22","author":"E Kwesiga","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kwesiga E, Bell MP, Pattie M, Moe AM. Exploring the literature on relationships between gender roles, intimate partner violence, occupational status, and organizational benefits. J Interpers Violence. 2007;22(3):312\u201326.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"5","key":"1736_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513505907","volume":"29","author":"AA Conroy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Conroy AA. Gender, power, and intimate partner violence: a study on couples from rural Malawi. J Interpers Violence. 2014;29(5):866\u201388.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02611-w","volume":"23","author":"JA Paintsil","year":"2023","unstructured":"Paintsil JA, Adde KS, Ameyaw EK, Dickson KS, Yaya S. Gender differences in the acceptance of wife-beating: evidence from 30 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Womens Health. 2023;23(1):451.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2009.07.013","volume":"15","author":"TL Taillieu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Taillieu TL, Brownridge DA. Violence against pregnant women: prevalence, patterns, risk factors, theories, and directions for future research. Aggress Violent Beh. 2010;15(1):14\u201335.","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Beh"},{"key":"1736_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-017-0337-y","volume":"14","author":"BH Gebrezgi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gebrezgi BH, Badi MB, Cherkose EA, Weldehaweria NB. Factors associated with intimate partner physical violence among women attending antenatal care in Shire Endaselassie town, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study, July 2015. Reproductive Health. 2017;14:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Reproductive Health"},{"key":"1736_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-511","volume":"11","author":"D Antai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Antai D. Controlling behavior, power relations within intimate relationships and intimate partner physical and sexual violence against women in Nigeria. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20132-5","volume":"24","author":"YM Negussie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Negussie YM, Seifu BL, Asnake AA, Fente BM, Melkam M, Bezie MM, et al. Sexual violence against ever-married reproductive-age women in East Africa: further analysis of recent demographic and health surveys. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):2662.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"1736_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2021.1912874","volume":"30","author":"KP Sears","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sears KP. Cultural beliefs related to intimate partner violence help-seeking among African college women. J Aggress Maltreatment Trauma. 2021;30(7):972\u201389.","journal-title":"J Aggress Maltreatment Trauma"},{"issue":"8","key":"1736_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.91","volume":"163","author":"EA Cannon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cannon EA, Bonomi AE, Anderson ML, Rivara FP. The intergenerational transmission of witnessing intimate partner violence. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009;163(8):706\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"1736_CR27","unstructured":"Wiechart K. Witnessed intimate partner abuse and later perpetration: the maternal attachment influence. Walden University; 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85084","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085084","volume":"9","author":"A-S Van Parys","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van Parys A-S, Verhamme A, Temmerman M, Verstraelen H. Intimate partner violence and pregnancy: a systematic review of interventions. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(1):e85084.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1736_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-109","volume":"11","author":"T Abramsky","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abramsky T, Watts CH, Garcia-Moreno C, Devries K, Kiss L, Ellsberg M, et al. What factors are associated with recent intimate partner violence? Findings from the WHO multi-country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:1\u201317.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1736_CR30","unstructured":"UN Women. Facts and figures: ending violence against women. UN Women. 2023 Dec. Available from: https:\/\/eca.unwomen.org\/en\/stories\/explainer\/2023\/12\/facts-and-figures-ending-violence-against-women"},{"issue":"6","key":"1736_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063447","volume":"19","author":"J Bhowmik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhowmik J, Biswas RK. Married women\u2019s attitude toward intimate partner violence is influenced by exposure to media: a population-based spatial study in Bangladesh. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(6):3447.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"1736_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2017.1410374","volume":"39","author":"L Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang L. Influences of media exposure on Chinese university students\u2019 attitudes and perceptions of intimate partner violence. Deviant Behav. 2018;39(9):1202\u201316.","journal-title":"Deviant Behav"},{"issue":"9314","key":"1736_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08336-8","volume":"359","author":"JC Campbell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Campbell JC. Health consequences of intimate partner violence. Lancet. 2002;359(9314):1331\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1736_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tjaden PG, Thoennes N. Extent, nature, and consequences of intimate partner violence. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of \u2026; 2000.","DOI":"10.1037\/e300342003-001"},{"issue":"5","key":"1736_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckl280","volume":"17","author":"I Ruiz-P\u00e9rez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ruiz-P\u00e9rez I, Plazaola-Casta\u00f1o J, del R\u00edo-Lozano M. Physical health consequences of intimate partner violence in Spanish women. Eur J Pub Health. 2007;17(5):437\u201343.","journal-title":"Eur J Pub Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2014.4872","volume":"24","author":"JL Alhusen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alhusen JL, Ray E, Sharps P, Bullock L. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy: maternal and neonatal outcomes. J Women\u2019s Health. 2015;24(1):100\u20136.","journal-title":"J Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1736_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610802042415","volume":"28","author":"N Sarkar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sarkar N. The impact of intimate partner violence on women\u2019s reproductive health and pregnancy outcome. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;28(3):266\u201371.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"1736_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-011-0455-x","volume":"20","author":"M Mahapatro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mahapatro M, Gupta R, Gupta V, Kundu A. Interpersonal violence as risk factor for women\u2019s sexually transmitted infection and reproductive health consequences in india: a community based study. J Public Health. 2012;20:399\u2013403.","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1736_CR39","first-page":"629","volume":"99","author":"N Sugg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sugg N. Intimate partner violence: prevalence, health consequences, and intervention. Med Clin. 2015;99(3):629\u201349.","journal-title":"Med Clin"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1736_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801219832916","volume":"26","author":"R Dekel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dekel R, Shaked O, Ben-Porat A, Itzhaky H. The interrelations of physical and mental health: self-rated health, depression, and PTSD among female IPV survivors. Violence against Women. 2020;26(3\u20134):379\u201394.","journal-title":"Violence against Women"},{"issue":"4","key":"1736_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2019.124","volume":"217","author":"JS Chandan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chandan JS, Thomas T, Bradbury-Jones C, Russell R, Bandyopadhyay S, Nirantharakumar K, et al. Female survivors of intimate partner violence and risk of depression, anxiety and serious mental illness. Br J Psychiatry. 2020;217(4):562\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1736_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.20.6.625","volume":"20","author":"AL Coker","year":"2005","unstructured":"Coker AL, Weston R, Creson DL, Justice B, Blakeney P. PTSD symptoms among men and women survivors of intimate partner violence: the role of risk and protective factors. Violence Vict. 2005;20(6):625.","journal-title":"Violence Vict"},{"issue":"4","key":"1736_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1080\/00380237.2024.2394524","volume":"57","author":"GA Apatinga","year":"2024","unstructured":"Apatinga GA, Tenkorang EY. I almost poisoned myself\u2019: understanding the suicidal behaviors of female survivors of intimate partner violence in Ghana. Sociol Focus. 2024;57(4):584\u2013600.","journal-title":"Sociol Focus"},{"key":"1736_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2018.10.006","volume":"55","author":"E Brignone","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brignone E, Sorrentino AE, Roberts CB, Dichter ME. Suicidal ideation and behaviors among women veterans with recent exposure to intimate partner violence. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2018;55:60\u20134.","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"1736_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20305","volume":"62","author":"MD Mitchell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mitchell MD, Hargrove GL, Collins MH, Thompson MP, Reddick TL, Kaslow NJ. Coping variables that mediate the relation between intimate partner violence and mental health outcomes among low-income, African American women. J Clin Psychol. 2006;62(12):1503\u201320.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"1736_CR46","volume-title":"Women\u2019s quality of life after leaving an abusive relationship: the effects of past and ongoing intimate partner violence","author":"D Jaradat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jaradat D. Women\u2019s quality of life after leaving an abusive relationship: the effects of past and ongoing intimate partner violence. Mastery and Social Support: The University of Western Ontario (Canada); 2018."},{"key":"1736_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lutwak N. The psychology of health and illness: the mental health and physiological effects of intimate partner violence on women. The Psychology of Health and Illness: Routledge; 2024. pp. 105\u201319.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781032689012-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0297959","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297959","volume":"19","author":"S Dadabhai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dadabhai S, Quaynor L, Bandala-Jacques A, Seyama L, Rahman MH, Phiri R, et al. Intimate partner violence and excess fertility among women of reproductive age in Malawi. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(1):e0297959.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1736_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188718","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1188718","volume":"11","author":"TB Mossie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mossie TB, Mekonnen Fenta H, Tadesse M, Tadele A. Mapping the disparities in intimate partner violence prevalence and determinants across Sub-Saharan Africa. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1188718.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19012-9","volume":"24","author":"M Melkam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Melkam M, Fentahun S, Rtbey G, Andualem F, Nakie G, Tinsae T, et al. Multilevel analysis of intimate partner violence and associated factors among reproductive-age women: Kenya demographic and health survey 2022 data. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):1476.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"1736_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0291913","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291913","volume":"18","author":"RG Aboagye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aboagye RG, Seidu A-A, Cadri A, Salihu T, Arthur-Holmes F, Sam ST, et al. Ending violence against women: help-seeking behaviour of women exposed to intimate partner violence in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(10):e0291913.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2012.11.003","volume":"18","author":"L Olayanju","year":"2013","unstructured":"Olayanju L, Naguib R, Nguyen Q, Bali R, Vung N. Combating intimate partner violence in africa: opportunities and challenges in five African countries. Aggress Violent Beh. 2013;18(1):101\u201312.","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Beh"},{"key":"1736_CR53","volume-title":"Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018: global, regional and National prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women","author":"WHO","year":"2021","unstructured":"WHO. Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018: global, regional and National prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021."},{"issue":"9","key":"1736_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e046069","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046069","volume":"11","author":"CL Ward","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ward CL, Harlow S. RESPecT and intimate partner violence: a cross-sectional study using DHS data in Kenya. BMJ Open. 2021;11(9):e046069.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1736_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2023.100815","volume":"35","author":"CR Underwood","year":"2023","unstructured":"Underwood CR, Casella A, Hendrickson ZM. Gender norms, contraceptive use, and intimate partner violence: a six-country analysis. Sex Reproductive Healthc. 2023;35:100815.","journal-title":"Sex Reproductive Healthc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1736_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/019251396017003001","volume":"17","author":"MA Straus","year":"1996","unstructured":"Straus MA, Hamby SL, Boney-McCoy S, Sugarman DB. The revised conflict tactics scales (CTS2) development and preliminary psychometric data. J Fam Issues. 1996;17(3):283\u2013316.","journal-title":"J Fam Issues"},{"issue":"20","key":"1736_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7336","volume":"36","author":"PC Austin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Austin PC, Merlo J. Intermediate and advanced topics in multilevel logistic regression analysis. Stat Med. 2017;36(20):3257\u201377.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"1736_CR58","unstructured":"Organization WH. Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. World Health Organization; 2013."},{"issue":"3","key":"1736_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0230508","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230508","volume":"15","author":"CO Izugbara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Izugbara CO, Obiyan MO, Degfie TT, Bhatti A. Correlates of intimate partner violence among urban women in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(3):e0230508.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1736_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-018-0253-9","volume":"76","author":"BO Ahinkorah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahinkorah BO, Dickson KS, Seidu A-A. Women decision-making capacity and intimate partner violence among women in sub-Saharan Africa. Archives Public Health. 2018;76:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Archives Public Health"},{"key":"1736_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100729","volume":"13","author":"BO Ahinkorah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahinkorah BO. Polygyny and intimate partner violence in sub-Saharan africa: evidence from 16 cross-sectional demographic and health surveys. SSM-Population Health. 2021;13:100729.","journal-title":"SSM-Population Health"},{"key":"1736_CR62","unstructured":"Peterman A, Potts A, O\u2019Donnell M, Thompson K, Shah N, Oertelt-Prigione S, et al. Pandemics and violence against women and children. Center for Global Development Washington, DC; 2020."},{"issue":"24","key":"1736_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2024046","volume":"383","author":"ML Evans","year":"2020","unstructured":"Evans ML, Lindauer M, Farrell ME. A pandemic within a pandemic\u2014intimate partner violence during Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(24):2302\u20134.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01830-x","volume":"22","author":"M Tsegaw","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tsegaw M, Mulat B, Shitu K. Intimate partner violence and associated factors among reproductive age women in liberia: a cross-sectional study using a recent Liberian demographic and health survey. BMC Womens Health. 2022;22(1):238.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"1736_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386524","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1386524","volume":"12","author":"M Melkam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Melkam M, Fentahun S, Rtbey G, Andualem F, Nakie G, Tinsae T, et al. Domestic violence and associated factors among pregnant women in sub-Saharan African countries from the recent demographic and health survey data: a multilevel analysis. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1386524.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"1736_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033465","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1033465","volume":"10","author":"A Barbier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barbier A, Chariot P, Lef\u00e8vre T. Intimate partner violence against ever-partnered women in europe: prevalence and associated factors\u2014results from the violence against women EU-wide survey. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1033465.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"1736_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517698951","volume":"32","author":"D Reichel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reichel D. Determinants of intimate partner violence in europe: the role of socioeconomic status, inequality, and partner behavior. J Interpers Violence. 2017;32(12):1853\u201373.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"1736_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gracia E, Lila M, Santirso FA. Attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women in the European union: a systematic review. Eur Psychol. 2020.","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000392"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-025-03831-y","volume":"25","author":"OJ Baruwa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Baruwa OJ, Biney E, Asuma BS, Amoateng AY. Factors associated with intimate partner violence among ever-partnered women in two Southern African countries: a multilevel analysis. BMC Womens Health. 2025;25(1):304.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-024-01755-8","volume":"21","author":"IE Donkoh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Donkoh IE, Aboagye RG, Okyere J, Seidu A-A, Ahinkorah BO, Yaya S. Association between the survey-based women\u2019s empowerment index (SWPER) and intimate partner violence in sub-Saharan Africa. Reproductive Health. 2024;21(1):63.","journal-title":"Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2009.06.013","volume":"32","author":"M Yoshihama","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yoshihama M, Horrocks J. Risk of intimate partner violence: role of childhood sexual abuse and sexual initiation in women in Japan. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2010;32(1):28\u201337.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"key":"1736_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kothari R, Husain Z, Dutta M. Violence as a legacy: impact of witnessing parental violence. Intimate partner violence in india: a quantitative analysis of the causes and outcomes. Springer; 2024. pp. 87\u2013104.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-6761-8_5"},{"issue":"10","key":"1736_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.045","volume":"68","author":"OA Uthman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Uthman OA, Moradi T, Lawoko S. The independent contribution of individual-, neighbourhood-, and country-level socioeconomic position on attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel model of direct and moderating effects. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(10):1801\u20139.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1736_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.05.001","volume":"28","author":"HM Foran","year":"2008","unstructured":"Foran HM, O\u2019Leary KD. Alcohol and intimate partner violence: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28(7):1222\u201334.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1736_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0232217","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232217","volume":"15","author":"TY Tiruye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tiruye TY, Harris ML, Chojenta C, Holliday E, Loxton D. Determinants of intimate partner violence against women in ethiopia: a multi-level analysis. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(4):e0232217.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-023-01065-8","volume":"81","author":"DB Asmamaw","year":"2023","unstructured":"Asmamaw DB, Negash WD, Bitew DA, Belachew TB. Multilevel analysis of intimate partner violence and associated factors among pregnant women in East Africa: evidence from recent (2012\u20132018) demographic and health surveys. Archives Public Health. 2023;81(1):67.","journal-title":"Archives Public Health"},{"key":"1736_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-8-17","volume":"8","author":"J Ntaganira","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ntaganira J, Muula AS, Masaisa F, Dusabeyezu F, Siziya S, Rudatsikira E. Intimate partner violence among pregnant women in Rwanda. BMC Womens Health. 2008;8:1\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"1736_CR78","first-page":"240","volume":"3","author":"O Yusuf","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yusuf O, Arulogun O, Oladepo O, Olowokeere F. Physical violence among intimate partners in nigeria: a multi level analysis. J Public Health Epidemiol. 2011;3(5):240\u20137.","journal-title":"J Public Health Epidemiol"},{"key":"1736_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.10.019","volume":"146","author":"S-A Ohene","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ohene S-A, Johnson K, Atunah-Jay S, Owusu A, Borowsky IW. Sexual and physical violence victimization among senior high school students in ghana: risk and protective factors. Soc Sci Med. 2015;146:266\u201375.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"1736_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-698X-10-23","volume":"10","author":"S Mitchell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mitchell S, Cockcroft A, Lamothe G, Andersson N. Equity in HIV testing: evidence from a cross-sectional study in ten Southern African countries. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2010;10:1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Int Health Hum Rights"},{"issue":"6","key":"1736_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.08.008","volume":"57","author":"A Peterman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peterman A, Bleck J, Palermo T. Age and intimate partner violence: an analysis of global trends among women experiencing victimization in 30 developing countries. J Adolesc Health. 2015;57(6):624\u201330.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0122-5","volume":"12","author":"T Abramsky","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abramsky T, Devries K, Kiss L, Nakuti J, Kyegombe N, Starmann E, et al. Findings from the SASA! Study: a cluster randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of a community mobilization intervention to prevent violence against women and reduce HIV risk in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Med. 2014;12(1):122.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"1736_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bamigboye TO, Irinoye OO, Ayandiran EO, Olowokere AE, Adedeji OA, Esan DT. Influence of educational intervention on nurse-midwives\u2019 knowledge and management practices of intimate partner violence (IPV) in healthcare facilities in Ekiti-State, Nigeria. Enfermer\u00eda cl\u00ednica (English Edition). 2023;33(5):316\u201326.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enfcle.2023.07.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"1736_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2023-0249","volume":"52","author":"R Terry","year":"2024","unstructured":"Terry R, Gatewood A, Elenwo C, Long A, Wu W, Markey C, et al. Disparities in preconception health indicators in US women: a cross-sectional analysis of the behavioral risk factor surveillance system 2019. J Perinat Med. 2024;52(2):192\u2013201.","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"}],"container-title":["Archives of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13690-025-01736-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13690-025-01736-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13690-025-01736-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T15:03:17Z","timestamp":1760713397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/archpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13690-025-01736-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13690-025-01736-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-3258"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-3258","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The DHS data from four East African countries were collected in accordance with both national and international ethical guidelines. Approval to use the datasets was granted by the DHS Program on 22 December 2024 (Request Date: 21 December 2024). The DHS Program has obtained ethical clearance from the ICF Institutional Review Board and relevant national ethics committees in each survey country. All DHS data are anonymised before release, and no identifiable information is included. At the time of data collection, all study participants provided informed consent, and data were collected anonymously. The study\u2019s purpose and the voluntary nature of participation were clearly explained to participants by the data collectors. Ethical guidelines were rigorously followed to ensure privacy and confidentiality, with minimal risk to participants. Additional information regarding the DHS data and ethical standards is available at .","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical consideration"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"253"}}