{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T07:02:17Z","timestamp":1780988537547,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011880","name":"Acad\u00e9mie de recherche et d'enseignement sup\u00e9rieur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Public Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-026-01976-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T05:14:50Z","timestamp":1780290890000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Urinary concentration levels and health risk assessment of phthalates, parabens, benzophenone-3, bisphenols and triclosan in the adult population of Kinshasa: a cross-sectional study in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2734-3148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tr\u00e9sor Bayebila","family":"Menanzambi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Pirard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9dric Ilunga Wa","family":"Kabuaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adelard Mbenza","family":"Phuati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manix Mayangi","family":"Makola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Nsangu","family":"Mpasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland Marini","family":"Djang\u2019eing\u2019a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9mie Mbinze","family":"Kindenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Charlier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrice","family":"Dufour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1976_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.07.015","volume":"142","author":"L Dewalque","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dewalque L, Pirard C, Vandepaer S, Charlier C. Temporal variability of urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites, parabens and benzophenone-3 in a Belgian adult population. Environ Res. 2015;142:414\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2015.07.015.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"1976_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146150","volume":"778","author":"F Wei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wei F, Mortimer M, Cheng H, Sang N, Guo L-H. Parabens as chemicals of emerging concern in the environment and humans: A review. Sci Total Environ. 2021;778:146150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146150.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1976_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107739","volume":"173","author":"V Mustieles","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mustieles V, Balogh RK, Axelstad M, Montazeri P, M\u00e1rquez S, Vrijheid M, et al. Benzophenone-3: Comprehensive review of the toxicological and human evidence with meta-analysis of human biomonitoring studies. Environ Int. 2023;173:107739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107739.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"1976_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2012.07.003","volume":"48","author":"C Pirard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pirard C, Sagot C, Deville M, Dubois N, Charlier C. Urinary levels of bisphenol A, triclosan and 4-nonylphenol in a general Belgian population. Environ Int. 2012;48:78\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2012.07.003.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"1976_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.07.005","volume":"85","author":"J Axelsson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Axelsson J, Rylander L, Rignell-Hydbom A, J\u00f6nsson BAG, Lindh CH, Giwercman A. Phthalate exposure and reproductive parameters in young men from the general Swedish population. Environ Int. 2015;85:54\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2015.07.005.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"1976_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106171","volume":"146","author":"L M\u00ednguez-Alarc\u00f3n","year":"2021","unstructured":"M\u00ednguez-Alarc\u00f3n L, Bellavia A, Gaskins AJ, Chavarro JE, Ford JB, Souter I, et al. Paternal mixtures of urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A and parabens in relation to pregnancy outcomes among couples attending a fertility center. Environ Int. 2021;146:106171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106171.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"1976_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3390\/life13010138","volume":"13","author":"T Srnovr\u0161nik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Srnovr\u0161nik T, Virant-Klun I, Pinter B. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Endocrine Disruptors (Bisphenols, Parabens, and Triclosan)\u2014A. Syst Rev Life. 2023;13:138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13010138.","journal-title":"Syst Rev Life"},{"key":"1976_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111764","volume":"202","author":"X Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu X, Yin T, Yue X, Liao S, Cheang I, Zhu Q, et al. Association of urinary phthalate metabolites with cardiovascular disease among the general adult population. Environ Res. 2021;202:111764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111764.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"1976_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106227","volume":"146","author":"I Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee I, Park YJ, Kim MJ, Kim S, Choi S, Park J, et al. Associations of urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A, and parabens with obesity and diabetes mellitus in a Korean adult population: Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2015\u20132017. Environ Int. 2021;146:106227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106227.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"1976_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128596","volume":"264","author":"EH Mansouri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mansouri EH, Reggabi M. Association between type 2 diabetes and exposure to chlorinated persistent organic pollutants in Algeria: A case-control study. Chemosphere. 2021;264:128596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128596.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"1976_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118679","volume":"295","author":"JY Choi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Choi JY, Lee J, Huh D-A, Moon KW. Urinary bisphenol concentrations and its association with metabolic disorders in the US and Korean populations. Environ Pollut. 2022;295:118679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118679.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"1976_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v13.i7.521","volume":"13","author":"R Moreno-G\u00f3mez-Toledano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moreno-G\u00f3mez-Toledano R, V\u00e9lez-V\u00e9lez E, Arenas MI, Saura M, Bosch RJ. Association between urinary concentrations of bisphenol A substitutes and diabetes in adults. World J Diabetes. 2022;13:521\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4239\/wjd.v13.i7.521.","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"1976_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.10.002","volume":"223","author":"H Frederiksen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frederiksen H, Nielsen O, Koch HM, Skakkebaek NE, Juul A, J\u00f8rgensen N, et al. Changes in urinary excretion of phthalates, phthalate substitutes, bisphenols and other polychlorinated and phenolic substances in young Danish men; 2009\u20132017. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2020;223:93\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.10.002.","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"1976_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145755","volume":"775","author":"SM Colorado-Yohar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Colorado-Yohar SM, Castillo-Gonz\u00e1lez AC, S\u00e1nchez-Meca J, Rubio-Aparicio M, S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez D, Salamanca-Fern\u00e1ndez E, et al. Concentrations of bisphenol-A in adults from the general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ. 2021;775:145755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145755.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1976_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2021.09.002","volume":"82","author":"J Bukasa Kakamba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bukasa Kakamba J, Sabbah N, Bayauli P, Massicard M, Bidingija J, Nkodila A, et al. Thyroid cancer in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Frequency and risk factors. Ann Endocrinol. 2021;82:606\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ando.2021.09.002.","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol"},{"key":"1976_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5493\/wjem.v13.i3.17","volume":"13","author":"J Bukasa-Kakamba","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bukasa-Kakamba J, Bangolo A, Bayauli P, Mbunga Kilola B, Iyese F, Nkodila A, et al. Proportion of thyroid cancer and other cancers in the democratic republic of Congo. World J Exp Med. 2023;13:17\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5493\/wjem.v13.i3.17.","journal-title":"World J Exp Med"},{"key":"1976_CR17","unstructured":"Home,Resources, diabetes L with, Acknowledgement, FAQs, Contact, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas n.d. https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/. (accessed 31 Oct. 2024)."},{"key":"1976_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000580","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2023-000580","volume":"2","author":"J-P Fina Lubaki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fina Lubaki J-P, Francis JM, Omole OB. Perspectives of healthcare providers and persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus on improving glycaemic control in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: a qualitative study. BMJ Public Health. 2024;2:e000580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjph-2023-000580.","journal-title":"BMJ Public Health"},{"key":"1976_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113852","volume":"214","author":"C Pirard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pirard C, Charlier C. Urinary levels of parabens, phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A and plasticizer alternatives in a Belgian population: Time trend or impact of an awareness campaign? Environ Res. 2022;214:113852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113852.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"1976_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.113444","volume":"225","author":"G Schwedler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schwedler G, Rucic E, Lange R, Conrad A, Koch HM, P\u00e4lmke C, et al. Phthalate metabolites in urine of children and adolescents in Germany. Human biomonitoring results of the German Environmental Survey GerES V, 2014\u20132017. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2020;225:113444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.113444.","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"1976_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2022.114080","volume":"248","author":"N Vogel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vogel N, Frederiksen H, Lange R, J\u00f8rgensen N, Koch HM, Weber T, et al. Urinary excretion of phthalates and the substitutes DINCH and DEHTP in Danish young men and German young adults between 2000 and 2017 \u2013 A time trend analysis. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2023;248:114080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2022.114080.","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"1976_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.03.025","volume":"92","author":"SA Baluka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baluka SA, Rumbeiha WK. Bisphenol A and food safety: Lessons from developed to developing countries. Food Chem Toxicol. 2016;92:58\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2016.03.025.","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"1976_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2022.103914","volume":"94","author":"A Zakari-Jiya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zakari-Jiya A, Frazzoli C, Obasi CN, Babatunde BB, Patrick-Iwuanyanwu KC, Orisakwe OE. Pharmaceutical and personal care products as emerging environmental contaminants in Nigeria: A systematic review. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2022;94:103914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.etap.2022.103914.","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"1976_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142854","volume":"764","author":"OA Rotimi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rotimi OA, Olawole TD, De Campos OC, Adelani IB, Rotimi SO. Bisphenol A in Africa: A review of environmental and biological levels. Sci Total Environ. 2021;764:142854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142854.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1976_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.111967","volume":"163","author":"A Jebara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jebara A, Albergamo A, Rando R, Potort\u00ec AG, Lo Turco V, Mansour HB, et al. Phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers in Tunisian marine samples: Occurrence, spatial distribution and seasonal variation. Mar Pollut Bull. 2021;163:111967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.111967.","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"1976_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.02.026","volume":"481","author":"GB Pouokam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pouokam GB, Ajaezi GC, Mantovani A, Orisakwe OE, Frazzoli C. Use of Bisphenol A-containing baby bottles in Cameroon and Nigeria and possible risk management and mitigation measures: community as milestone for prevention. Sci Total Environ. 2014;481:296\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.02.026.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1976_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-021-00717-x","volume":"79","author":"T Bayebila Menanzambi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bayebila Menanzambi T, Dufour P, Pirard C, Nsangu J, Mufusama J-P, Mbinze Kindenge J, et al. Bio-surveillance of environmental pollutants in the population of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): a small pilot study. Arch Public Health. 2021;79:197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13690-021-00717-x.","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"1976_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2024.114479","volume":"263","author":"T Bayebila Menanzambi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bayebila Menanzambi T, Pirard C, Ilunga wa Kabuaya C, Malolo L-CM, Makola MM, Kule-Koto FK, et al. Current exposure to environmental pollutants in the general adult population of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): A cross-sectional study. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2025;263:114479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2024.114479.","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"1976_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2014.01.002","volume":"949\u2013950","author":"L Dewalque","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dewalque L, Pirard C, Dubois N, Charlier C. Simultaneous determination of some phthalate metabolites, parabens and benzophenone-3 in urine by ultra high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B. 2014;949\u2013950:37\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchromb.2014.01.002.","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B"},{"key":"1976_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2004.07.027","volume":"36","author":"J-J Hubert Ph, Nguyen-Huu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hubert Ph, Nguyen-Huu J-J, Boulanger B, Chapuzet E, Chiap P, Cohen N, et al. Harmonization of strategies for the validation of quantitative analytical procedures: A SFSTP proposal\u2014part I. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2004;36:579\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpba.2004.07.027.","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"1976_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkr009","volume":"36","author":"N Dubois","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dubois N, Paccou AP, De Backer BG, Charlier CJ. Validation of the Quantitative Determination of Tetrahydrocannabinol and Its Two Major Metabolites in Plasma by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography\u2013Tandem Mass Spectrometry According to the Total Error Approach*. J Anal Toxicol. 2012;36:25\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkr009.","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"1976_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.05.044","volume":"461\u2013462","author":"N Ali","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ali N, Eqani SAMAS, Malik RN, Neels H, Covaci A. Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in human serum of mothers and children from Pakistan with urban and rural residential settings. Sci Total Environ. 2013;461\u2013462:655\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.05.044.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1976_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110617","volume":"110","author":"RA James","year":"2002","unstructured":"James RA, Hertz-Picciotto I, Willman E, Keller JA, Charles MJ. Determinants of serum polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides measured in women from the child health and development study cohort, 1963\u20131967. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110:617\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.02110617.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"1976_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2022.114097","volume":"248","author":"P Apel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Apel P, Lamkarkach F, Lange R, Sissoko F, David M, Rousselle C, et al. Human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs) for priority substances under the HBM4EU initiative - New values derivation for deltamethrin and cyfluthrin and overall results. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2023;248:114097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2022.114097.","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"1976_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106563","volume":"154","author":"E Ougier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ougier E, Zeman F, Antignac J-P, Rousselle C, Lange R, Kolossa-Gehring M, et al. Human biomonitoring initiative (HBM4EU): Human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs) derived for bisphenol A. Environ Int. 2021;154:106563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106563.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"1976_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108912","volume":"190","author":"R Tagne-Fotso","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tagne-Fotso R, Riou M, Saoudi A, Zeghnoun A, Frederiksen H, Berman T, et al. Exposure to bisphenol A in European women from 2007 to 2014 using human biomonitoring data - The European Joint Programme HBM4EU. Environ Int. 2024;190:108912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108912.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"1976_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.09.007","volume":"220","author":"P Apel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Apel P, Angerer J, Wilhelm M, Kolossa-Gehring M. New HBM values for emerging substances, inventory of reference and HBM values in force, and working principles of the German Human Biomonitoring Commission. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2017;220:152\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.09.007.","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"1976_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-013-9924-2","volume":"65","author":"W-L Ma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ma W-L, Wang L, Guo Y, Liu L-Y, Qi H, Zhu N-Z, et al. Urinary Concentrations of Parabens in Chinese Young Adults: Implications for Human Exposure. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2013;65:611\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00244-013-9924-2.","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"1976_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2025.114704","volume":"271","author":"L Palandri","year":"2026","unstructured":"Palandri L, Monti M, Scasserra MR, Lugli C, Fasano M, Lucaccioni L, et al. Regulatory framework of phthalates and two common alternatives: A review of the European Union legislation. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2026;271:114704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2025.114704.","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"1976_CR40","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) (2019) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data, 2017\u20132018. Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/index.html (accessed 25 Sept. 2025)."},{"key":"1976_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173540","volume":"939","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Zhang L, Xiang Q, Li J, Yao Y, Sun H, et al. Human exposure characteristics of pharmaceutical and personal care product chemicals and associations with dietary habits. Sci Total Environ. 2024;939:173540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173540.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1976_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127489","volume":"424","author":"L Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu L, Hu Y, Zhu Q, Liao C, Jiang G. Several typical endocrine-disrupting chemicals in human urine from general population in China: Regional and demographic-related differences in exposure risk. J Hazard Mater. 2022;424:127489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127489.","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"1976_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147485","volume":"786","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Y, Li G, Zhu Q, Liao C. Occurrence of parabens, triclosan and triclocarban in paired human urine and indoor dust from two typical cities in China and its implications for human exposure. Sci Total Environ. 2021;786:147485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147485.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1976_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136394","volume":"308","author":"Q Liao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liao Q, Huang H, Zhang X, Ma X, Peng J, Zhang Z, et al. Assessment of health risk and dose-effect of DNA oxidative damage for the thirty chemicals mixture of parabens, triclosan, benzophenones, and phthalate esters. Chemosphere. 2022;308:136394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136394.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"1976_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109481","volume":"185","author":"Y Sanchis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanchis Y, Coscoll\u00e0 C, Corpas-Burgos F, Vento M, Gormaz M, Yus\u00e0 V. Biomonitoring of bisphenols A, F, S and parabens in urine of breastfeeding mothers: Exposure and risk assessment. Environ Res. 2020;185:109481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109481.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"1976_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134028","volume":"297","author":"A Jala","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jala A, Varghese B, Dutta R, Adela R, Borkar RM. Levels of parabens and bisphenols in personal care products and urinary concentrations in Indian young adult women: Implications for human exposure and health risk assessment. Chemosphere. 2022;297:134028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134028.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"1976_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/649314","author":"L Dewalque","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dewalque L, Pirard C, Charlier C. Measurement of Urinary Biomarkers of Parabens, Benzophenone-3, and Phthalates in a Belgian Population. BioMed Res Int. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/649314.","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"1976_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.203","volume":"562","author":"I Jim\u00e9nez-D\u00edaz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-D\u00edaz I, Artacho-Cord\u00f3n F, Vela-Soria F, Belhassen H, Arrebola JP, Fern\u00e1ndez MF, et al. Urinary levels of bisphenol A, benzophenones and parabens in Tunisian women: A pilot study. Sci Total Environ. 2016;562:81\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.203.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1976_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.4c00145","volume":"37","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li X, Chen Q, Wu D, Xiao Z, Shi C, Dong Y, et al. High Levels of BPA and BPF Exposure during Pregnancy Are Associated with Lower Birth Weight in Shenyang in Northeast China. Chem Res Toxicol. 2024;37:1199\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.4c00145.","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"1976_CR50","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). (2019) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data, 2015\u20132016. Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/index.html (accessed 25 Sept. 2025)."},{"key":"1976_CR51","first-page":"105","volume":"63","author":"TD Olawole","year":"2022","unstructured":"Olawole TD, De Campos OC, Adelani IB, Rotimi OA, Rotimi SO, Goodrich JM. Bisphenol A Associated Epigenetic Changes in Young Adults in Ota, Nigeria. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2022;63:105\u20136.WILEY 111 RIVER STHOBOKEN 07030\u2009\u2013\u20095774, NJ USA.","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen"},{"key":"1976_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117561","volume":"286","author":"D Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang D, Kong S, Wang F, Tse LA, Tang Z, Zhao Y, et al. Urinary triclosan in south China adults and implications for human exposure. Environ Pollut. 2021;286:117561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117561.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"1976_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"057011","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP15117","volume":"133","author":"P Jedynak","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jedynak P, Bustamante M, Rolland M, Mustieles V, Thomsen C, Sakhi AK, et al. Prenatal Exposure to Synthetic Phenols Assessed in Multiple Urine Samples and Dysregulation of Steroid Hormone Homeostasis in Two European Cohorts. Environ Health Perspect. 2025;133:057011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/EHP15117.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"1976_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109331","volume":"184","author":"A Jamal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jamal A, Rastkari N, Dehghaniathar R, Nodehi RN, Nasseri S, Kashani H, et al. Prenatal urinary concentrations of environmental phenols and birth outcomes in the mother-infant pairs of Tehran Environment and Neurodevelopmental Disorders (TEND) cohort study. Environ Res. 2020;184:109331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109331.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"1976_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65544","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-26833-5","volume":"30","author":"AN Zamora","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zamora AN, Peterson KE, Goodrich JM, T\u00e9llez-Rojo MM, Song PXK, Meeker JD, et al. Associations between exposure to phthalates, phenols, and parabens with objective and subjective measures of sleep health among Mexican women in midlife: a cross-sectional and retrospective analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023;30:65544\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-023-26833-5.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"1976_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750368","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1750368","volume":"2018","author":"SSS Rowdhwal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rowdhwal SSS, Chen J. Toxic Effects of Di-2-ethylhexyl Phthalate: An Overview. BioMed Res Int. 2018;2018:1750368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/1750368.","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"1976_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2005.00567.x","volume":"29","author":"T Schettler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schettler T. Human exposure to phthalates via consumer products. Int J Androl. 2006;29:134\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2005.00567.x. discussion 181\u2013185.","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"1976_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4803","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094803","volume":"18","author":"N Ali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ali N, Kadi MW, Ali Albar HMS, Rashid MI, Chandrasekaran S, Summan AS, et al. Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds in Car Dust: A Pilot Study in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:4803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18094803.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1976_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106402","volume":"149","author":"A Reddam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reddam A, Volz DC. Inhalation of two Prop 65-listed chemicals within vehicles may be associated with increased cancer risk. Environ Int. 2021;149:106402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106402.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"1976_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-019-0170-1","volume":"30","author":"LB Hart","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hart LB, Walker J, Beckingham B, Shelley A, Alten Flagg M, Wischusen K, et al. A characterization of personal care product use among undergraduate female college students in South Carolina, USA. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2020;30:97\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41370-019-0170-1.","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"1976_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics7020021","volume":"7","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zhu H, Kannan K. A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures. Toxics. 2019;7:21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics7020021.","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"1976_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.12.032","volume":"146","author":"H-S Kang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kang H-S, Kyung M-S, Ko A, Park J-H, Hwang M-S, Kwon J-E, et al. Urinary concentrations of parabens and their association with demographic factors: A population-based cross-sectional study. Environ Res. 2016;146:245\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2015.12.032.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"1976_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.35371\/aoem.2024.36.e20","volume":"36","author":"S Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim S, Cho S-Y, Yoon S, Kim D, Park HW, Kang J, et al. Relationship between the use of hair products and urine benzophenone-3: the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 4. Ann Occup Environ Med. 2024;36:e20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35371\/aoem.2024.36.e20.","journal-title":"Ann Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"1976_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120341","volume":"264","author":"JM Acevedo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Acevedo JM, Kahn LG, Pierce KA, Carrasco A, Rosenberg MS, Trasande L. Temporal and geographic variability of bisphenol levels in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis of international biomonitoring data. Environ Res. 2025;264:120341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120341.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"1976_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-20","volume":"11","author":"MS Nahar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nahar MS, Soliman AS, Colacino JA, Calafat AM, Battige K, Hablas A, et al. Urinary bisphenol A concentrations in girls from rural and urban Egypt: a pilot study. Environ Health. 2012;11:20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-069X-11-20.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"1976_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2018.08.010","volume":"81","author":"GA Omran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Omran GA, Gaber HD, Mostafa NAM, Abdel-Gaber RM, Salah EA. Potential hazards of bisphenol A exposure to semen quality and sperm DNA integrity among infertile men. Reprod Toxicol. 2018;81:188\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reprotox.2018.08.010.","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"1976_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327118758150","volume":"37","author":"MM Youssef","year":"2018","unstructured":"Youssef MM, El-Din E, AbuShady MM, El-Baroudy NR, Abd El Hamid TA, Armaneus AF, et al. Urinary bisphenol A concentrations in relation to asthma in a sample of Egyptian children. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2018;37:1180\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0960327118758150.","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"1976_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4137\/EHI.S13130","volume":"8","author":"VP Karalius","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karalius VP, Harbison JE, Plange-Rhule J, van Breemen RB, Li G, Huang K, et al. Bisphenol A (BPA) Found in Humans and Water in Three Geographic Regions with Distinctly Different Levels of Economic Development. Environ Health Insights. 2014;8:1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4137\/EHI.S13130.","journal-title":"Environ Health Insights"},{"key":"1976_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2010.9","volume":"21","author":"JS LaKind","year":"2011","unstructured":"LaKind JS, Naiman DQ. Daily intake of bisphenol A and potential sources of exposure: 2005\u20132006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2011;21:272\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jes.2010.9.","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"1976_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.05.028","volume":"277","author":"A Engel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Engel A, Buhrke T, Imber F, Jessel S, Seidel A, V\u00f6lkel W, et al. Agonistic and antagonistic effects of phthalates and their urinary metabolites on the steroid hormone receptors ER\u03b1, ER\u03b2, and AR. Toxicol Lett. 2017;277:54\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.05.028.","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"1976_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"045001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP13812","volume":"132","author":"FS vom Saal","year":"2024","unstructured":"vom Saal FS, Antoniou M, Belcher SM, Bergman A, Bhandari RK, Birnbaum LS, et al. The Conflict between Regulatory Agencies over the 20,000-Fold Lowering of the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for Bisphenol A (BPA) by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Environ Health Perspect. 2024;132:045001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/EHP13812.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"1976_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2024.154040","volume":"511","author":"ME Cull","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cull ME, Winn LM. Bisphenol A and its potential mechanism of action for reproductive toxicity. Toxicology. 2025;511:154040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tox.2024.154040.","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"1976_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112136","volume":"215","author":"N Hamid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hamid N, Junaid M, Pei D-S. Combined toxicity of endocrine-disrupting chemicals: A review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021;215:112136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112136.","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"1976_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162015","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1162015","volume":"11","author":"S Dutta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dutta S, Sengupta P, Bagchi S, Chhikara BS, Pavl\u00edk A, Sl\u00e1ma P, et al. Reproductive toxicity of combined effects of endocrine disruptors on human reproduction. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2023;11:1162015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2023.1162015.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"1976_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.12.014","volume":"112","author":"MK Morgan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morgan MK, Nash M, Barr DB, Starr JM, Clifton MS, Sobus JR. Distribution, variability, and predictors of urinary bisphenol A levels in 50 North Carolina adults over a six-week monitoring period. Environ Int. 2018;112:85\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2017.12.014.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"1976_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"NCD Countdown 2030: pathways to achieving Sustainable Development Goal target 3.4. Lancet Lond Engl 2020;396:918\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31761-X","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31761-X"}],"container-title":["Archives of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13690-026-01976-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13690-026-01976-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13690-026-01976-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T06:12:38Z","timestamp":1780985558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13690-026-01976-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13690-026-01976-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8473872\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2049-3258"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-3258","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this study was conducted by the National Health Ethics Committee in the Democratic Republic of Congo (401\/CNES\/BN\/PMMF\/2022). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were informed about the purpose of the study, assured of confidentiality, and provided written consent prior to participation. Participation was voluntary, and respondents could withdraw at any time without consequence.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"129"}}