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However, little is known about how the associations between PSMU, mental health, and substance use differ depending on participation in distinct types of extracurricular activities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study is to examine how the associations between PSMU, mental health, and substance use vary across network models that include different types of extracurricular activities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A representative sample of 14,588 Czech adolescents (50.69% boys, mean age 13.6\u2009\u00b1\u20091.7 years) was used from the 2022 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study. A network analysis based on undirected mixed graphical models was used to assess the associations. Separate networks for each extracurricular activity type were estimated and compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When individual sports were included in the network, the association between alcohol use and PSMU was no longer observed. In both the community-based activities and individual sports networks, the previously observed positive association between irritability and PSMU-related family conflicts (w\u2009=\u20090.05) was absent, and the association between irritability and social media escapism was weaker (w\u2009=\u20090.08 \u2192 0.03). Only sports-related activity types were negatively associated with losing interest in extracurricular activities due to PSMU, particularly individual sports (w\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.10). Conversely, community-based activities were positively associated with PSMU-related deception and family conflicts (w\u2009=\u20090.05). However, no notable differences in the network structure were observed for artistic activities or team sports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study underscores the contrastive nature of extracurricular activities and highlights the need for more nuanced approaches when examining their role in PSMU.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-026-01993-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T09:44:49Z","timestamp":1781603089000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Problematic social media use, mental health, and substance use in Czech adolescents: the comparative role of extracurricular activities \u2014 findings from the 2022 HBSC study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Jakub","family":"Helvich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vendula","family":"Machu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbora","family":"Kuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zdenek","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Badura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Tavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1993_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33450","DOI":"10.2196\/33450","volume":"9","author":"H Shannon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shannon H, Bush K, Villeneuve PJ, Hellemans KG, Guimond S. 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