{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:29:49Z","timestamp":1765546189920,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]],"date-time":"2017-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483660800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]],"date-time":"2017-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R21DA033131-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21DA033131-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Addict Sci Clin Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-016-0069-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]],"date-time":"2017-01-06T01:08:39Z","timestamp":1483664919000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Prevalence and factors associated with use of khat: a survey of patients entering HIV treatment programs in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Lifson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sale","family":"Workneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tibebe","family":"Shenie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Desalegn Admassu","family":"Ayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zenebe","family":"Melaku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lemlem","family":"Bezabih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiwot Tekle","family":"Waktola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Behailu","family":"Dagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Hilk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken C.","family":"Winters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Slater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"69_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700024259","volume":"19","author":"C Pantelis","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pantelis C, Hindler CG, Taylor JC. Use and abuse of khat (Catha edulis): a review of the distribution, pharmacology, side effects and a description of psychosis attributed to khat chewing. Psychol Med. 1989;19:657\u201368.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"69_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-013-1163-9","volume":"88","author":"MJ Valente","year":"2014","unstructured":"Valente MJ, Guedes de Pinho P, de Lourdes Bastos M, Carvalho F, Carvalho M. Khat and synthetic cathinones: a review. Arch Toxicol. 2014;88:15\u201345.","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"69_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.9.6.456","volume":"9","author":"G Cox","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cox G, Rampes H. Adverse effects of khat: a review. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2003;9:456\u201363.","journal-title":"Adv Psychiatr Treat"},{"key":"69_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-3-5","volume":"3","author":"M Odenwald","year":"2005","unstructured":"Odenwald M, Neuner F, Schauer M, et al. Khat use as risk factor for psychotic disorders: a cross-sectional and case-control study in Somalia. BMC Med. 2005;3:5.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"69_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.07.001","volume":"132","author":"A Al-Motarreb","year":"2010","unstructured":"Al-Motarreb A, Al-Habori M, Broadley KJ. Khat chewing, cardiovascular diseases and other internal medical problems: the current situation and directions for future research. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;132:540\u20138.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"69_CR6","first-page":"11","volume":"38","author":"M Belew","year":"2000","unstructured":"Belew M, Kebede D, Kassaye M, Enquoselassie F. The magnitude of khat use and its association with health, nutrition and socio-economic status. Ethiop Med J. 2000;38:11\u201326.","journal-title":"Ethiop Med J"},{"key":"69_CR7","unstructured":"Berhane Y, Worku A. Alcohol and khat consumption and the association with HIV\/AIDS prevention, care and treatment in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Public Health Association: Final report to U.S. Centers for Disease Control, December 2007."},{"key":"69_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-5-109","volume":"5","author":"D Kebede","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kebede D, Alem A, Mitike G, et al. Khat and alcohol use and risky sex behaviour among in-school and out-of-school youth in Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2005;5:109.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"69_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33946","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033946","volume":"7","author":"AA Reda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reda AA, Moges A, Biadgilign S, Wondmagegn BY. Prevalence and determinants of khat (Catha edulis) chewing among high school students in eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE. 2012;7:e33946.","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"69_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1199","volume":"13","author":"M Tilahun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tilahun M, Ayele G. Factors associated with Khat use among youths visiting HIV testing and counseling centers in Gamo Gofa, Southern Ethiopia. BMC Pub Health. 2013;13:1199.","journal-title":"BMC Pub Health"},{"key":"69_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0446-5","volume":"15","author":"M Soboka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Soboka M, Tesfaye M, Feyissa GT, Hanlon C. Khat use in people living with HIV: a facility-based cross-sectional survey from South West Ethiopia. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15:69.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"69_CR12","first-page":"344","volume":"25","author":"H Alemu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alemu H, Mariam DH, Belay KA, Davey G. Factors predisposing out-of-school youths to HIV\/AIDS-related risky sexual behaviour in Northwest Ethiopia. J Health Popul Nutr. 2007;25:344\u201350.","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"69_CR13","first-page":"174","volume":"19","author":"D Abebe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Abebe D, Debella A, Dejene A, et al. Khat chewing habit as a possible risk behaviour for HIV infection: a case-control study. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2005;19:174\u201381.","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Dev"},{"key":"69_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.188664","volume":"100","author":"AR Lifson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lifson AR, Neuhaus J, Arribas JR, van den Berg-Wolf M, Labriola AM, Read TR. Smoking-related health risks among persons with HIV in the strategies for management of antiretroviral therapy clinical trial. Am J Pub Health. 2010;100:1896\u2013903.","journal-title":"Am J Pub Health"},{"key":"69_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X12666140721121849","volume":"12","author":"PE Molina","year":"2014","unstructured":"Molina PE, Bagby GJ, Nelson S. Biomedical consequences of alcohol use disorders in the HIV-infected host. Curr HIV Res. 2014;12:265\u201375.","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"69_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02508.x","volume":"15","author":"MP Fox","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fox MP, Rosen S. Patient retention in antiretroviral therapy programs up to three years on treatment in sub-Saharan Africa, 2007\u20132009: systematic review. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15(suppl 1):1\u201315.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"69_CR17","unstructured":"Seyoum E, Mekonen Y, Kassa A, et al. ART Scale-up in Ethiopia: successes and challenges, January 2009. Addis Ababa: Ethiopia HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Control Office, 2009. \n                    www.etharc.org\/resources\/download\/finish\/33\/48\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"69_CR18","unstructured":"GEOHIVE, Global population statistics. Ethiopia, main cities. \n                    www.geohive.com\/cntry\/ethiopia.aspx\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"69_CR19","unstructured":"Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia], ICF International. Ethiopia demographic and health survey 2011. Addis Ababa: Central Statistical Agency and Calverton, MD: ICF International, 2012. \n                    https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR255\/FR255.pdf\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"69_CR20","unstructured":"Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization: WHOQOL-HIV BREF. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002. \n                    www.who.int\/mental_health\/evidence\/WHOQOL-HIV%20BREF.pdf\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"69_CR21","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Advances in Personal Relationships","author":"CE Cutrona","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cutrona CE, Russell DW. The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. In: Jones WH, Perlman D, editors. Advances in Personal Relationships, vol. 1. Greenwich: JAI Press; 1987. p. 37\u201367."},{"key":"69_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lifson AR, Workneh S, Hailemichael A, Demisse W, Slater L, Shenie T. Implementation of a peer HIV community support worker program in rural Ethiopia to promote retention in care. J Int Assoc Providers AIDS Care. 2015. pp 1\u20136. doi:\n                    10.1177\/2325957415614648\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1177\/2325957415614648"},{"key":"69_CR23","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2007. \n                    www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/vct\/hivstaging\/en\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"69_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20602","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020602","volume":"6","author":"LS Colzato","year":"2011","unstructured":"Colzato LS, Ruiz MJ, van den Wildenberg WPM, Hommel B. Khat use is associated with impaired working memory and cognitive flexibility. PLOS ONE. 2011;6:e20602.","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"69_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313692","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/313692","volume":"2015","author":"S Kassim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kassim S, Jawad M, Croucher R, Akl EA. The epidemiology of tobacco use among khat users: a systematic review. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:313692.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"69_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2009.10400669","volume":"41","author":"RA Manghi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Manghi RA, Broers B, Khan R, Benguettat D, Khazaal Y, Zullino DF. Khat use: Lifestyle or addiction? J Psychoactive Drugs. 2009;41:1\u201310.","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"69_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13148","volume":"111","author":"S Kassim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kassim S, Al\u2019absi M. Khat use is a neglected addictive behaviour. Addiction. 2015;111:179\u201380.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"69_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.005","volume":"132","author":"M Odenwald","year":"2010","unstructured":"Odenwald M, Warfa N, Bhui K, Elbert T. The stimulant khat\u2013another door in the wall? A call for overcoming the barriers. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;132:615\u20139.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"}],"container-title":["Addiction Science & Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13722-016-0069-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13722-016-0069-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13722-016-0069-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T14:26:47Z","timestamp":1589552807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13722-016-0069-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["69"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13722-016-0069-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1940-0640"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1940-0640"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 May 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"3"}}