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Video DOT technologies may safeguard against this issue and thus enhance likelihood of treatment success. We describe the rationale and protocol for the Trial of Adherence Application for Buprenorphine treatment (TAAB) study, a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the effects of video DOT delivered via a smartphone app on office-based buprenorphine treatment outcomes, namely illicit opioid use and retention.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Participants will be recruited from office-based opioid addiction treatment programs in outpatient clinics at two urban medical centers and randomized to either video DOT (intervention) delivered via a HIPAA-compliant, asynchronous, mobile health (mHealth) technology platform, or treatment-as-usual (control). Eligibility criteria are: 18\u00a0years or older, prescribed sublingual buprenorphine for a cumulative total of 28\u00a0days or less from the office-based opioid treatment program, and able to read and understand English. Patients will be considered ineligible if they are unable or unwilling to use the intervention, provide consent, or complete weekly study visits. All participants will complete 13 in-person weekly visits and be followed via electronic health record data capture at 12- and 24-weeks post-randomization. Data gathered include the following: demographics; current and previous treatment for OUD; self-reported diversion of prescribed buprenorphine; status of their mental and physical health; and self-reported lifetime and past 30-day illicit substance use. Participants provide urine samples at each weekly visit to test for illicit drugs and buprenorphine. The primary outcome is percentage of weekly urines that are negative for opioids over the 12-weeks. The secondary outcome is engagement in treatment at week 12.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Video DOT delivered through mHealth technology platform offers possibility of improving patients\u2019 buprenorphine adherence by providing additional structure and accountability. The TAAB study will provide important preliminary estimates of the impact of this mHealth technology for patients initiating buprenorphine, as well as the feasibility of study procedures, thus paving the way for further research to assess feasibility and generate preliminary data for design of a future Phase III trial.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Trial Registration<\/jats:italic> ClinicalTrails.gov, NCT03779997, Registered on December 19, 2018.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-020-00203-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T10:03:45Z","timestamp":1596189825000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Video directly observed therapy intervention using a mobile health application among opioid use disorder patients receiving office-based buprenorphine treatment: protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct03779997","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Zachery A.","family":"Schramm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian G.","family":"Leroux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea C.","family":"Radick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia S.","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared W.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey H.","family":"Samet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Saxon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa W.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0877-5399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith I.","family":"Tsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"203_CR1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019 annual surveillance report of drug-related risks and outcomes\u2014United States. 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The study follows adverse events reporting procedures required by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and each institution\u2019s IRB. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03779997).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Andrew Saxon receives compensation as an advisor to Alkermes, Inc. and also receives travel support from Alkermes, Inc. The remaining authors declare that they have no competing interests. Specifically, none of the authors are employees of emocha Mobile Health, Inc. nor received in-kind donations or funding that was not through NIDA.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"30"}}