{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T11:20:48Z","timestamp":1782991248841,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]],"date-time":"2020-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579132800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]],"date-time":"2020-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN271201500070C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN271201500070C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN271201400028C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN271201400028C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5UG1DA040316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5UG1DA040316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Addict Sci Clin Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is an urgent need for strategies to address the US epidemic of prescription opioid, heroin and fentanyl-related overdoses, misuse, addiction, and diversion. Evidence-based treatment such as medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) are available but lack numbers of providers offering these services to meet the demands. Availability of electronic health record (EHR) systems has greatly increased and led to innovative quality improvement initiatives but this has not yet been optimized to address the opioid epidemic or to treat opioid use disorder (OUD). This report from a clinical decision support (CDS) working group convened by the NIDA Center for the Clinical Trials Network aims to converge electronic technology in the EHR with the urgent need to improve screening, identification, and treatment of OUD in primary care settings through the development of a CDS algorithm that could be implemented as a tool in the EHR. This aim is consistent with federal, state and local government and private sector efforts to improve access and quality of MOUD treatment for OUD, existing clinical quality and HEDIS measures for OUD or drug and alcohol use disorders, and with a recent draft grade B recommendation from the US Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) for screening for illicit drug use in adults when appropriate diagnosis, treatment and care services can be offered or referred. Through a face-to-face expert panel meeting and multiple follow-up conference calls, the working group drafted CDS algorithms for clinical care felt to be essential for screening, diagnosis, and management of OUD in primary care. The CDS algorithm was reviewed by addiction specialists and primary care providers and revised based on their input. A clinical decision support tool for OUD screening, assessment, and treatment within primary care systems may help improve healthcare delivery to help address the current epidemic of opioid misuse and overdose that has outpaced the capacity of specialized treatment settings. A semi-structured outline of clinical decision support for OUD was developed to facilitate implementation within the EHR. Further work for adaptation at specific sites and for testing is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-020-0180-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]],"date-time":"2020-01-16T17:03:13Z","timestamp":1579194193000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Developing a clinical decision support for opioid use disorders: a NIDA center for the clinical trials network working group report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6127-8530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gavin B.","family":"Bart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Saxon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Fiellin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"McNeely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Muench","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher W.","family":"Shanahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Huntley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Gore-Langton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"180_CR1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Labor. The Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008 (MHPAEA). 2010. http:\/\/www.dol.gov\/ebsa\/newsroom\/fsmhpaea.html. Accessed 23 Nov 2015."},{"key":"180_CR2","unstructured":"Department of Health and Human Services. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). 2010. http:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/opa\/affordable-care-act\/. Accessed 23 Nov, 2015."},{"key":"180_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/25310","volume-title":"Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Save Lives","year":"2019","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Medications for opioid use disorder save lives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/25310. Accessed 18 Oct 2019."},{"issue":"2","key":"180_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2010.05.004","volume":"39","author":"CL Arfken","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arfken CL, Johanson CE, di Menza S, Schuster CR. Expanding treatment capacity for opioid dependence with office-based treatment with buprenorphine: national surveys of physicians. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2010;39(2):96\u2013104.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat."},{"issue":"2","key":"180_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1595","volume":"12","author":"E Hutchinson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hutchinson E, Catlin M, Andrilla CH, Baldwin LM, Rosenblatt RA. Barriers to primary care physicians prescribing buprenorphine. Ann Fam Med. 2014;12(2):128\u201333.","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"180_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2012.752777","volume":"34","author":"HV Kunins","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kunins HV, Sohler NL, Giovanniello A, Thompson D, Cunningham CO. A buprenorphine education and training program for primary care residents: implementation and evaluation. Subst Abuse. 2012;34(3):242\u20137.","journal-title":"Subst Abuse."},{"key":"180_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2015.10.003","volume":"62","author":"K Alanis-Hirsch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alanis-Hirsch K, Croff R, Ford JH, Johnson K, Chalk M, Schmidt L, et al. Extended-release naltrexone: a qualitative analysis of barriers to routine use. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2016;62:68\u201373.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat."},{"key":"180_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.11.021","volume":"54","author":"B Andraka-Christou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andraka-Christou B, Capone MJ. A qualitative study comparing physician-reported barriers to treating addiction using buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone in U.S. office-based practices. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;54:9\u201317.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"key":"180_CR9","unstructured":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Alcohol misuse: screening and behavioral counseling interventions in primary care. 2013. http:\/\/www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org\/Page\/Document\/UpdateSummaryFinal\/alcohol-misuse-screening-and-behavioral-counseling-interventions-in-primary-care?ds=1&s=alcohol. Accessed 23 Nov 2015."},{"key":"180_CR10","unstructured":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Draft recommendation statement, illicit drug use, including nonmedical use of prescription drugs: screening. 2019."},{"key":"180_CR11","unstructured":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Drug use, illicit: screening. 2008. http:\/\/www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org\/Page\/Document\/UpdateSummaryFinal\/drug-use-illicit-screening?ds=1&s=druguse. Accessed 23 Nov 2015."},{"key":"180_CR12","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Vital signs: core metrics for health and health care progress [Report Brief]. 2015. http:\/\/iom.nationalacademies.org\/~\/media\/Files\/Report%20Files\/2015\/Vital_Signs\/VitalSigns_RB.pdf. Accessed 23 Nov 2015."},{"key":"180_CR13","unstructured":"Obama B. Presidential memorandum\u2014addressing prescription drug abuse and heroin use. White House web site. 2015. https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/the-press-office\/2015\/10\/21\/presidential-memorandum-addressing-prescription-drug-abuse-and-heroin. Accessed 20 Nov 2015."},{"key":"180_CR14","unstructured":"National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA). HEDIS 2015: healthcare effectiveness data and information set, vol. 1, narrative. Washington (DC): National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA); 2014."},{"key":"180_CR15","unstructured":"National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA). HEDIS 2015: healthcare effectiveness data and information set, vol. 2, technical specifications for health plans. Washington (DC): National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA); 2014."},{"key":"180_CR16","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. HHS Press Office. HHS Acting Secretary declares public health emergency to address national opioid crisis. 2017. https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/about\/news\/2017\/10\/26\/hhs-acting-secretary-declares-public-health-emergency-address-national-opioid-crisis.html. Accessed 21 Oct, 2019."},{"key":"180_CR17","unstructured":"White House Statements & Releases. ONDCP releases report on the President\u2019s Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis. 2019. https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefings-statements\/ondcp-releases-report-presidents-commission-combating-drug-addiction-opioid-crisis\/. Accessed 21 Oct 2019."},{"key":"180_CR18","unstructured":"Karsh B-T. Clinical practice improvement and redesign: how change in workflow can be supported by clinical decision support. AHRQ Publication No. 09-0054-EF. Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2009."},{"key":"180_CR19","unstructured":"Lobach D, Sanders GD, Bright TJ, Wong A, Dhurjati R, Bristow E, Bastian L, Coeytaux R, Samsa G, Hasselblad V, Williams JW, Wing L, Musty M, Kendrick AS. Enabling health care decision making through clinical decision support and knowledge management. Evidence Report No. 203. (Prepared by the Duke Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-2007-10066-I.) AHRQ Publication No. 12-E001-EF. Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2012."},{"issue":"10","key":"180_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-0317","volume":"165","author":"J McNeely","year":"2016","unstructured":"McNeely J, Wu LT, Subramaniam G, Sharma G, Cathers LA, Svikis D, et al. Performance of the tobacco, alcohol, prescription medication, and other substance use (TAPS) tool for substance use screening in primary care patients. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(10):690\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"180_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000166","volume":"9","author":"K Kampman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kampman K, Jarvis M. American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) national practice guideline for the use of medications in the treatment of addiction involving opioid use. J Addict Med. 2015;9(5):358\u201367.","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"180_CR22","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Treating substance use disorders. 2006. http:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/pb\/assets\/raw\/sitewide\/practice_guidelines\/guidelines\/substanceuse-guide.pdf. Accessed 20 Nov 2015."},{"key":"180_CR23","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Clinical guidelines for the use of buprenorphine in the treatment of opioid addiction. 2004. http:\/\/buprenorphone.samhsa.gov\/Bup_Guidelines.pdf. Accessed 20 Nov 2015."},{"key":"180_CR24","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Medication-assisted treatment for opioid addiction in opioid treatment programs. 2008. http:\/\/buprenorphine.samhsa.gov\/tip43_curriculum.pdf. Accessed 20 Nov 2015."},{"key":"180_CR25","unstructured":"Department of Veterans Affairs. VA\/DoD clinical practice guideline for management of substance use disorders (SUD). 2009. http:\/\/www.healthquality.va.gov\/guidelines\/MH\/sud\/sud_full_601f.pdf. Accessed 20 Nov 2015."},{"issue":"5","key":"180_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.7860","volume":"312","author":"P Roy-Byrne","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roy-Byrne P, Bumgardner K, Krupski A, Dunn C, Ries R, Donovan D, et al. Brief intervention for problem drug use in safety-net primary care settings: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312(5):492\u2013501.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"180_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.7862","volume":"312","author":"R Saitz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saitz R, Palfai TP, Cheng DM, Alford DP, Bernstein JA, Lloyd-Travaglini CA, et al. Screening and brief intervention for drug use in primary care: the ASPIRE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312(5):502\u201313.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"180_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12993","volume":"110","author":"L Gelberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gelberg L, Andersen RM, Afifi AA, Leake BD, Arangua L, Vahidi M, et al. Project QUIT (Quit Using Drugs Intervention Trial): a randomized controlled trial of a primary care-based multi-component brief intervention to reduce risky drug use. Addiction. 2015;110(11):1777\u201390.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"180_CR29","volume-title":"The yale brief negotiated interview manual","author":"G D\u2019Onofrio","year":"2005","unstructured":"D\u2019Onofrio G, Pantalon MV, Degutis LC, Fiellin D, O\u2019Connor PG. The yale brief negotiated interview manual. New Haven: Yale University School of Medicine; 2005."},{"issue":"8","key":"180_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.03.034","volume":"34","author":"N Bertholet","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bertholet N, Cheng DM, Palfai TP, Samet JH, Saitz R. Does readiness to change predict subsequent alcohol consumption in medical inpatients with unhealthy alcohol use? Addict Behav. 2009;34(8):636\u201340.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"180_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990802326272","volume":"34","author":"JL Duvall","year":"2008","unstructured":"Duvall JL, Oser CB, Leukefeld CG. Readiness to change as a predictor of drug-related behaviors in a sample of rural felony probationers. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2008;34(6):741\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"180_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-3-3","volume":"3","author":"M Hesse","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hesse M. The Readiness Ruler as a measure of readiness to change poly-drug use in drug abusers. Harm Reduct J. 2006;3:3.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J."},{"issue":"3","key":"180_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00324.x","volume":"31","author":"EC Williams","year":"2007","unstructured":"Williams EC, Horton NJ, Samet JH, Saitz R. Do brief measures of readiness to change predict alcohol consumption and consequences in primary care patients with unhealthy alcohol use? Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007;31(3):428\u201335.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"20","key":"180_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.20.2511","volume":"163","author":"JR Mertens","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mertens JR, Lu YW, Parthasarathy S, Moore C, Weisner CM. Medical and psychiatric conditions of alcohol and drug treatment patients in an HMO: comparison with matched controls. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(20):2511\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"180_CR35","volume-title":"Manual for primary care providers: effectively caring for active substance users","author":"New York Academy of Medicine","year":"2002","unstructured":"New York Academy of Medicine. Manual for primary care providers: effectively caring for active substance users. New York: New York Academy of Medicine; 2002."},{"key":"180_CR36","unstructured":"Fleishman JA, Zuvekas SH, Pincus HA. Screening for Depression using the PHQ-2: changes over time in conjunction with mental health treatment. 14002 October 2014. http:\/\/gold.ahrq.gov."},{"issue":"2","key":"180_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2010.08.011","volume":"40","author":"SH Heil","year":"2011","unstructured":"Heil SH, Jones HE, Arria A, Kaltenbach K, Coyle M, Fischer G, et al. Unintended pregnancy in opioid-abusing women. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2011;40(2):199\u2013202.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"2","key":"180_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2012.01413.x","volume":"52","author":"KI Black","year":"2012","unstructured":"Black KI, Stephens C, Haber PS, Lintzeris N. Unplanned pregnancy and contraceptive use in women attending drug treatment services. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2012;52(2):146\u201350.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"180_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-6-201303190-00588","volume":"158","author":"VA Moyer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moyer VA, Force USPST. Screening for intimate partner violence and abuse of elderly and vulnerable adults: U.S. preventive services task force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(6):478\u201386.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"180_CR40","unstructured":"Arnold J, Bamberger J, Banta-Green C, et al. 2015. http:\/\/prescribetoprevent.org\/. Accessed 20 Nov 2015."},{"issue":"5","key":"180_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(96)00221-3","volume":"44","author":"C Charles","year":"1997","unstructured":"Charles C, Gafni A, Whelan T. Shared decision-making in the medical encounter: what does it mean? (or it takes at least two to tango). Soc Sci Med. 1997;44(5):681\u201392.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"180_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mattick RP, Breen C, Kimber J, Davoli M. Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(3):CD002209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd002209.pub2. (Review).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd002209.pub2"},{"issue":"10","key":"180_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.10.1303","volume":"283","author":"KL Sees","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sees KL, Delucchi KL, Masson C, Rosen A, Clark HW, Robillard H, et al. Methadone maintenance vs 180-day psychosocially enriched detoxification for treatment of opioid dependence: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2000;283(10):1303\u201310.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"180_CR44","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Clinical guidance for treating pregnant and parenting women with opioid use disorder and their infants. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 18-5054. Rockville: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2018."},{"issue":"9 Pt 2","key":"180_CR45","first-page":"25","volume":"45","author":"RA Greenstein","year":"1984","unstructured":"Greenstein RA, Arndt IC, McLellan AT, O\u2019Brien CP, Evans B. Naltrexone: a clinical perspective. J Clin Psychiatry. 1984;45(9 Pt 2):25\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"180_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(77)90012-6","volume":"2","author":"RL Wiesen","year":"1977","unstructured":"Wiesen RL, Rich CR, Wang RI, Stockdale SL. The safety and value of naloxone as a therapeutic aid. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1977;2(2):123\u201330.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"3","key":"180_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-197601030-00004","volume":"1","author":"BA Berkowitz","year":"1976","unstructured":"Berkowitz BA. The relationship of pharmacokinetics to pharmacological activity: morphine, methadone and naloxone. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1976;1(3):219\u201330.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"3","key":"180_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00052.x","volume":"30","author":"JL Dunbar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dunbar JL, Turncliff RZ, Dong Q, Silverman BL, Ehrich EW, Lasseter KC. Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable naltrexone. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006;30(3):480\u201390.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"180_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c5475","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c5475","volume":"341","author":"R Cornish","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cornish R, Macleod J, Strang J, Vickerman P, Hickman M. Risk of death during and after opiate substitution treatment in primary care: prospective observational study in UK General Practice Research Database. BMJ. 2010;341:c5475.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"180_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2004.02.002","volume":"26","author":"EM Krupitsky","year":"2004","unstructured":"Krupitsky EM, Zvartau EE, Masalov DV, Tsoi MV, Burakov AM, Egorova VY, et al. Naltrexone for heroin dependence treatment in St. Petersburg, Russia. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2004;26(4):285\u201394.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat."},{"issue":"9776","key":"180_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60358-9","volume":"377","author":"E Krupitsky","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krupitsky E, Nunes EV, Ling W, Illeperuma A, Gastfriend DR, Silverman BL. Injectable extended-release naltrexone for opioid dependence: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9776):1506\u201313.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"180_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(97)70140-9","volume":"30","author":"E Bernstein","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bernstein E, Bernstein J, Levenson S. Project ASSERT: an ED-based intervention to increase access to primary care, preventive services, and the substance abuse treatment system. Ann Emerg Med. 1997;30(2):181\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"180_CR53","volume-title":"Patient placement criteria for the treatment of substance-related disorders. 2nd, revised ed","author":"D Mee-Lee","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mee-Lee D, Shulman GD, Fishman M, Gastfriend DR, Grifith JH. Patient placement criteria for the treatment of substance-related disorders. 2nd, revised ed. Chevy Chase: American Society of Addiction Medicine; 2001."}],"container-title":["Addiction Science &amp; Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13722-020-0180-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13722-020-0180-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13722-020-0180-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:34:44Z","timestamp":1610670884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13722-020-0180-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13722-020-0180-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1940-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1940-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 November 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Saxon has served on an advisory board and received travel support from Alkermes, Inc. Kristen Huntley\u2019s spouse is eligible for a defined benefit plan (pension) through Pfizer from previous employment. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4"}}