{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:31:05Z","timestamp":1792794665704,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R34DA047502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R34DA047502"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Addict Sci Clin Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Studies indicate high rates of substance use among youth experiencing homelessness (YEH). Further, the social networks of YEH, although multi-dimensional in composition, are largely comprised of other YEH, substance users, and individuals who do not provide the youth with tangible or emotional support. For YEH who have the opportunity to enter a housing program, helping them to reduce their substance use and strengthen their prosocial supportive connections during this critical transition period may increase their stability and reduce their risk of re-entering homelessness. The goal of this study is to pilot test a brief motivational network intervention (MNI), delivered by case managers, to help former YEH who have recently transitioned to a housing program reduce their substance use and strengthen their prosocial supportive connections.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods\/design<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Up to 60 residents of housing programs in the Los Angeles area will be randomized to receive four sessions of usual case manager support or four sessions of case manager support\u2009+\u2009MNI. Each MNI session consists of three parts: (1) identifying two goals that are most important for the resident over the next year (e.g., get or keep a job, finish or stay in school, reduce substance use); (2) a network interview with the resident to capture network data pertaining to their interactions in the past 2 weeks; and (3) a discussion between the case manager and the resident of the resulting network visualizations, conducted in a Motivational Interviewing (MI) style, and what role the resident\u2019s network may play in reaching their most important goals over the next year.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study addresses a critical gap by pilot testing a computer-assisted MNI, delivered using MI techniques, that can help case managers work with recent YEH to reduce substance use and increase permanent supportive connections during the critical transitional period from homelessness to housing.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Trial registration<\/jats:italic> ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04637815. Registered November 10, 2020.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-021-00227-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T14:03:27Z","timestamp":1615903407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Motivational network intervention to reduce substance use and increase supportive connections among formerly homeless emerging adults transitioning to housing: study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5024-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan S.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen Chan","family":"Osilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Golinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"227_CR1","unstructured":"Henry M, Watt R, Mahathey A, Ouellette J, Sitler A. The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress. Part 1: Point-in-Time Estimates of Homelessness. Washington, DC;\u00a02020."},{"key":"227_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.015","volume":"1","author":"A Barman-Adhikari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barman-Adhikari A, Hsu HT, Brydon D, et al. Prevalence and correlates of nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) among young adults experiencing homelessness in seven cities across the United States. Drug Alcohol Depen. 2019;1:153\u201360.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depen"},{"issue":"9","key":"227_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1762-1","volume":"21","author":"N Bozinoff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bozinoff N, Wood E, Dong HR, Richardson L, Kerr T, DeBeck K. Syringe sharing among a prospective cohort of street-involved youth: Implications for needle distribution programs. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(9):2717\u201325.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"227_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2017.1407328","volume":"44","author":"D Santa Maria","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santa Maria D, Padhye N, Yang YJ, et al. Drug use patterns and predictors among homeless youth: results of an ecological momentary assessment. Am J Drug Alcohol. 2018;44(5):551\u201360.","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"227_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.06.004","volume":"1","author":"SL Wenzel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wenzel SL, Tucker JS, Golinelli D, Green HD, Zhou A. Personal network correlates of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use among homeless youth. Drug Alcohol Depen. 2010;1(1\u20132):140\u20139.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depen"},{"issue":"1","key":"227_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2003.64.5","volume":"64","author":"JS Baer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baer JS, Ginzler JA, Peterson PL. DSM-IV alcohol and substance abuse and dependence in homeless youth. J Stud Alcohol. 2003;64(1):5\u201314.","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"issue":"2","key":"227_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559514562859","volume":"20","author":"K Bender","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bender K, Brown SM, Thompson SJ, Ferguson KM, Langenderfer L. Multiple victimizations before and after leaving home associated with PTSD, depression, and substance use disorder among homeless youth. Child Maltreat. 2015;20(2):115\u201324.","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"issue":"1","key":"227_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/08897070903442566","volume":"31","author":"R Gomez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gomez R, Thompson SJ, Barczyk AN. Factors associated with substance use among homeless young adults. Subst Abus. 2010;31(1):24\u201334.","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"issue":"4","key":"227_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260503500407","volume":"35","author":"KD Johnson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johnson KD, Whitbeck LB, Hoyt DR. Substance abuse disorders among homeless and runaway adolescents. J Drug Issues Fal. 2005;35(4):799\u2013816.","journal-title":"J Drug Issues Fal"},{"issue":"9","key":"227_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12177","volume":"108","author":"HD Green","year":"2013","unstructured":"Green HD, de la Haye K, Tucker JS, Golinelli D. Shared risk: who engages in substance use with American homeless youth? Addiction. 2013;108(9):1618\u201324.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"227_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2012.00806.x","volume":"22","author":"K de la Haye","year":"2012","unstructured":"de la Haye K, Green HD Jr, Kennedy DP, et al. Who is supporting homeless youth? Predictors of support in personal networks. Journal of Research on Adolescence. 2012;22(4):604\u201316.","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"issue":"5","key":"227_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s10566-016-9352-3","volume":"45","author":"A Barman-Adhikari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barman-Adhikari A, Bowen E, Bender K, Brown S, Rice E. A social capital approach to identifying correlates of perceived social support among homeless youth. Child Youth Care For. 2016;45(5):691\u2013708.","journal-title":"Child Youth Care For"},{"issue":"6","key":"227_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00065-4","volume":"51","author":"LF Berkman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Berkman LF, Glass T, Brissette I, Seeman TE. From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Soc Sci Med. 2000;51(6):843\u201357.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"227_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.34.040507.134601","volume":"34","author":"KP Smith","year":"2008","unstructured":"Smith KP, Christakis NA. Social networks and health. Annu Rev Sociol. 2008;34:405\u201329.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"227_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.12067","volume":"58","author":"T Aubry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aubry T, Duhoux A, Klodawsky F, Ecker J, Hay E. A longitudinal study of predictors of housing stability, housing quality, and mental health functioning among single homeless individuals staying in emergency shelters. Am J Commun Psychol. 2016;58(1\u20132):123\u201335.","journal-title":"Am J Commun Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"227_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-011-9570-9","volume":"88","author":"MA Davey-Rothwell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Davey-Rothwell MA, Latimore A, Hulbert A, Latkin CA. Sexual networks and housing stability. J Urban Health. 2011;88(4):759\u201366.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"227_CR17","first-page":"216","volume":"1","author":"GT DiGuiseppi","year":"2020","unstructured":"DiGuiseppi GT, Davis JP, Christie NC, Rice E. Polysubstance use among youth experiencing homelessness: The role of trauma, mental health, and social network composition. Drug Alcohol Depen. 2020;1:216.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depen"},{"issue":"4","key":"227_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-018-0356-3","volume":"55","author":"N Kerman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kerman N, Sylvestre J, Aubry T, Distasio J, Schutz CG. Predictors of mental health recovery in homeless adults with mental illness. Community Ment Hlt J. 2019;55(4):631\u201340.","journal-title":"Community Ment Hlt J"},{"issue":"3","key":"227_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014155","volume":"78","author":"DK Padgett","year":"2008","unstructured":"Padgett DK, Henwood B, Abrams C, Drake RE. Social relationships among persons who have experienced serious mental illness, substance abuse, and homelessness: Implications for recovery. Am J Orthopsychiat. 2008;78(3):333\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiat"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"227_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.011","volume":"1","author":"H Rhoades","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rhoades H, Wenzel SL, Golinelli D, et al. The social context of homeless men\u2019s substance use. Drug Alcohol Depen. 2011;1(2\u20133):320\u20135.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depen"},{"issue":"2","key":"227_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.17730\/humo.68.2.m23375u1kn033518","volume":"68","author":"JS Tucker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tucker JS, Kennedy D, Ryan G, Wenzel SL, Golinelli D, Zazzali J. Homeless women\u2019s personal networks: Implications for understanding risk behavior. Hum Organ Sum. 2009;68(2):129\u201340.","journal-title":"Hum Organ Sum"},{"key":"227_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781473911871","volume-title":"Social network analysis for ego-nets: social network analysis for actor-centred networks","author":"N Crossley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crossley N, Bellotti E, Edwards G, Everett MG, Koskinen J, Tranmer M. Social network analysis for ego-nets: social network analysis for actor-centred networks. Thousand Oaks: SAGE; 2015."},{"issue":"1","key":"227_CR23","first-page":"20","volume":"3","author":"C McCarty","year":"2002","unstructured":"McCarty C. Structure in personal networks. J Soc Struct. 2002;3(1):20.","journal-title":"J Soc Struct"},{"key":"227_CR24","volume-title":"Conducting personal network research: a practical guide","author":"C McCarty","year":"2019","unstructured":"McCarty C, Lubbers MJ, Vacca R, Molina JL. Conducting personal network research: a practical guide. New York: Guilford Press; 2019."},{"key":"227_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316443255","volume-title":"Egocentric Network analysis: foundations, methods, and models","author":"BL Perry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Perry BL, Pescosolido BA, Borgatti SP. Egocentric Network analysis: foundations, methods, and models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2018."},{"issue":"12","key":"227_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-011-9646-6","volume":"40","author":"SC Martino","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martino SC, Tucker JS, Ryan G, Wenzel SL, Golinelli D, Munjas B. Increased substance use and risky sexual behavior among migratory homeless youth: Exploring the role of social network composition. J Youth Adolescence. 2011;40(12):1634\u201348.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolescence"},{"issue":"8","key":"227_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1119\/1.3590372","volume":"79","author":"M Newman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Newman M. Complex systems: a survey. Am J Phys. 2011;79(8):800\u201310.","journal-title":"Am J Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"227_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X06298589","volume":"19","author":"B Hogan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hogan B, Carrasco JA, Wellman B. Visualizing personal networks: working with participant-aided sociograms. Field Method. 2007;19(2):116\u201344.","journal-title":"Field Method"},{"issue":"3","key":"227_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X11399702","volume":"23","author":"DP Kennedy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kennedy DP, Green HD, McCarty C, Tucker JS. Nonexperts\u2019 recognition of structure in personal network data. Field Method. 2011;23(3):287\u2013306.","journal-title":"Field Method"},{"issue":"2","key":"227_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X06298592","volume":"19","author":"C McCarty","year":"2007","unstructured":"McCarty C, Molina JL, Aguilar C, Rota L. A comparison of social network mapping and personal network visualization. Field Method. 2007;19(2):145\u201362.","journal-title":"Field Method"},{"issue":"4","key":"227_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/1074840707307917","volume":"13","author":"GR Rempel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rempel GR, Neufeld A, Kushner KE. Interactive use of genograms and ecomaps in family caregiving research. J Fam Nurs. 2007;13(4):403\u201319.","journal-title":"J Fam Nurs"},{"issue":"8","key":"227_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1177\/104438949007100802","volume":"71","author":"EM Tracy","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tracy EM, Whittaker JK. The social network map\u2014assessing social support in clinical-practice. Fam Soc-J Contemp H. 1990;71(8):461\u201370.","journal-title":"Fam Soc-J Contemp H"},{"issue":"1","key":"227_CR33","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"DP Kennedy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kennedy DP, Hunter SB, Osilla KC, Maksabedian E, Golinelli D, Tucker JS. A computer-assisted motivational social network intervention to reduce alcohol, drug and HIV risk behaviors among Housing First residents. Addict Sci Clin Prac. 2016;15(1):1\u201313.","journal-title":"Addict Sci Clin Prac"},{"issue":"14","key":"227_CR34","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"KC Osilla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Osilla KC, Kennedy DP, Hunter SB, Maksabedian E. Feasibility of a computer-assisted social network motivational interviewing intervention for substance use and HIV risk behaviors for housing first residents. Addict Sci Clin Prac. 2016;7(14):1\u201311.","journal-title":"Addict Sci Clin Prac"},{"key":"227_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2017.12.005","volume":"86","author":"DP Kennedy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kennedy DP, Osilla KC, Hunter SB, Golinelli D, Hernandez EM, Tucker JS. A pilot test of a motivational interviewing social network intervention to reduce substance use among housing first residents. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2018;86:36\u201344.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"3","key":"227_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.38.3.9","volume":"38","author":"MG Orr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Orr MG, Plaut DC. Complex systems and health behavior change: insights from cognitive science. Am J Health Behav. 2014;38(3):404\u201313.","journal-title":"Am J Health Behav"},{"key":"227_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195160369.001.0001","volume-title":"Theories of communication networks","author":"PR Monge","year":"2003","unstructured":"Monge PR, Contractor NS. Theories of communication networks. New York: Oxford University Press; 2003."},{"issue":"4","key":"227_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2012.08.002","volume":"34","author":"LJ Song","year":"2012","unstructured":"Song LJ, Chang TY. Do resources of network members help in help seeking? Social capital and health information search. Soc Netw. 2012;34(4):658\u201369.","journal-title":"Soc Netw"},{"issue":"3","key":"227_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/0891241610390365","volume":"40","author":"T Stablein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stablein T. Helping friends and the homeless milieu: Social capital and the utility of street peers. J Contemp Ethnogr. 2011;40(3):290\u2013317.","journal-title":"J Contemp Ethnogr"},{"key":"227_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2014.03.005","volume":"45","author":"A Barman-Adhikari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barman-Adhikari A, Rice E. Social networks as the context for understanding employment services utilization among homeless youth. Eval Program Plann. 2014;45:90\u2013101.","journal-title":"Eval Program Plann"},{"key":"227_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1086\/228943","volume":"94","author":"JS Coleman","year":"1988","unstructured":"Coleman JS. Social capital in the creation of human capital. Am J Sociol. 1988;94:95\u2013120.","journal-title":"Am J Sociol"},{"issue":"3","key":"227_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/78.3.458","volume":"78","author":"I Kawachi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kawachi I, Berkman LF. Social ties and mental health. J Urban Health. 2001;78(3):458\u201367.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"227_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2016.1242032","volume":"33","author":"S Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee S, Chung JE, Park N. Network environments and well-being: An examination of personal network structure, social capital, and perceived social support. Health Commun. 2018;33(1):22\u201331.","journal-title":"Health Commun"},{"key":"227_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2016.04.002","volume":"47","author":"M Sapin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sapin M, Widmer ED, Iglesias K. From support to overload: Patterns of positive and negative family relationships of adults with mental illness over time. Soc Netw. 2016;47:59\u201372.","journal-title":"Soc Netw"},{"issue":"1","key":"227_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.12506","volume":"39","author":"EC Alvarez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alvarez EC, Kawachi I, Romani JR. Family social capital and health\u2014a systematic review and redirection. Sociol Health. 2017;39(1):5\u201329.","journal-title":"Sociol Health"},{"key":"227_CR46","volume-title":"Motivational interviewing: helping people change","author":"W Miller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miller W, Rollnick S. Motivational interviewing: helping people change. 3rd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2012.","edition":"3"},{"issue":"6","key":"227_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016830","volume":"64","author":"WR Miller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Miller WR, Rose GS. Toward a theory of motivational interviewing. Am Psychol. 2009;64(6):527\u201337.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"227_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.07.001","volume":"37","author":"E Barnett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barnett E, Sussman S, Smith C, Rohrbach LA, Spruijt-Metz D. Motivational interviewing for adolescent substance use: a review of the literature. Addict Behav. 2012;37(12):1325\u201334.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"227_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2017.02.008","volume":"76","author":"JS Tucker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tucker JS, D\u2019Amico EJ, Ewing BA, Miles JNV, Pedersen ER. A group-based motivational interviewing brief intervention to reduce substance use and sexual risk behavior among homeless young adults. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2017;76:20\u20137.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"227_CR50","first-page":"416","volume-title":"Van Lange PAM","author":"EL Deci","year":"2012","unstructured":"Deci EL, Ryan RM. Self-determination theory. In: Kruglanski AW, Higgins ET, editors. Van Lange PAM. Handbook of theories of social psychology.Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Ltd; 2012. p. 416\u201336."},{"key":"227_CR51","volume-title":"Self-efficacy: the exercise of control","author":"A Bandura","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bandura A. Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York: Freeman; 1997."},{"key":"227_CR52","volume-title":"Psychological reactance: a theory of freedom and control","author":"SS Brehm","year":"1981","unstructured":"Brehm SS, Brehm JW. Psychological reactance: a theory of freedom and control. New York: Academic Press; 1981."},{"key":"227_CR53","volume-title":"Global Appraisal of Individual Needs\u2013Short Screener (GAIN-SS): Administration and Scoring Manual for the GAIN-SS Version 2.0.1","author":"ML Dennis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dennis ML, Feeney T, Stevens LH, Bedoya L. Global Appraisal of Individual Needs\u2013Short Screener (GAIN-SS): Administration and Scoring Manual for the GAIN-SS Version 2.0.1. Bloomington: Chestnut Health Systems; 2006."},{"key":"227_CR54","volume-title":"Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975\u20132019: volume&nbsp;I, secondary school students","author":"RA Miech","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miech RA, Johnston LD, O\u2019Malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE, Patrick ME. Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975\u20132019: volume&nbsp;I, secondary school students. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan; 2020."},{"key":"227_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815478","volume-title":"Social network analysis: methods and applications","author":"S Wasserman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wasserman S, Faust K. Social network analysis: methods and applications. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1994."}],"container-title":["Addiction Science &amp; Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13722-021-00227-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13722-021-00227-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13722-021-00227-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T12:50:07Z","timestamp":1617972607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13722-021-00227-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13722-021-00227-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1940-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1940-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All research activities have been approved by RAND\u2019s Human Subjects Protection Committee.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18"}}