{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:23:42Z","timestamp":1787775822182,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016027","name":"New York University Grossman School of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Addict Sci Clin Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Smoking cessation is the most effective means of slowing the decline of lung function associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). While effective smoking cessation treatments are available, they are underutilized and nearly half of people with COPD continue to smoke. By addressing both nicotine and behavioral dependence, electronic cigarettes (EC) could help people with COPD reduce the harm of combustible cigarettes (CC) through reductions in number of Cigarettes per Day (CPD) or quitting CC completely. The purpose of this pilot study is to identify barriers and facilitators to the use of and assess the preliminary effectiveness of EC as a harm reduction strategy among people with COPD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In an open-label two-arm randomized controlled trial pilot study, 60 patients identified as smokers with a COPD diagnosis via electronic health records from a large urban health center are randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either standard care [counseling\u2009+\u2009nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)] or counseling\u2009+\u2009EC. The NRT arm will receive nicotine patches and nicotine lozenges for 12\u00a0weeks. The EC arm will receive EC for 12\u00a0weeks. Both cohorts will receive counseling from a licensed mental health counselor. Using ecological momentary assessment, participants will report their use of CC in both arms and EC use in the EC arm daily via text message. Primary outcomes will be feasibility and acceptability of intervention, and secondary outcomes will be reduction in CPD and change in COPD symptoms as measured by COPD Assessment Tool (CAT) score at 12-weeks. EC displacement of CC. To explore attitudes towards the use of EC as a harm-reduction strategy for patients with COPD, interviews will be performed with a sample of participants from both study arms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite decades of availability of smoking cessation medications, nearly half of people with COPD still smoke. This study aims to address the unmet need for feasible and effective strategies for reducing CC use among those with COPD, which has the potential to significantly improve the health of people with COPD who smoke.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Trial Registration<\/jats:italic>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04465318.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-021-00284-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T11:02:44Z","timestamp":1641466964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Electronic cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy among patients with COPD: protocol for an open-label two arm randomized controlled pilot trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6063-1523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth R.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles M.","family":"Cleland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahathi","family":"Vojjala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"El-Shahawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth I.","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Kirchner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott E.","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"284_CR1","volume-title":"Reports of the surgeon general. The health consequences of smoking\u201450 years of progress: a report of the surgeon general","author":"National Center for Chronic Disease P, Health Promotion Office on S, Health","year":"2014","unstructured":"National Center for Chronic Disease P, Health Promotion Office on S, Health. Reports of the surgeon general. The health consequences of smoking\u201450 years of progress: a report of the surgeon general. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2014."},{"key":"284_CR2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tobacco-Related Mortality. 2014. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/data_statistics\/fact_sheets\/health_effects\/tobacco_related_mortality\/index.htm. Accessed 1 Nov 2021."},{"key":"284_CR3","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. COPD National Action Plan. 2017. https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/education-and-awareness\/COPD-national-action-plan. Accessed 1 Nov 2021."},{"issue":"9","key":"284_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30293-X","volume":"5","author":"JB Soriano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Soriano JB, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abera SF, Agrawal A, Ahmed MB, et al. Global, regional, and national deaths, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years, and years lived with disability for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Respir Med. 2017;5(9):691\u2013706.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"284_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/00063198-200303000-00006","volume":"9","author":"MD Altose","year":"2003","unstructured":"Altose MD. Approaches to slowing the progression of COPD. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2003;9(2):125\u201330.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"284_CR6","first-page":"259","volume":"6","author":"J Wu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wu J, Sin DD. Improved patient outcome with smoking cessation: when is it too late? Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2011;6:259\u201367.","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"284_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1555610","volume":"36","author":"DP Tashkin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tashkin DP. Smoking cessation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;36(4):491\u2013507.","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"284_CR8","first-page":"650","volume":"7","author":"T Tilert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tilert T, Paulose-Ram R, Howard D, Butler J, Lee S, Wang MQ. Prevalence and factors associated with self-reported chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults aged 40\u201379: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007\u20132012. EC Pulmonol Respir Med. 2018;7(9):650\u201362.","journal-title":"EC Pulmonol Respir Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"284_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12623","volume":"109","author":"J Brown","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brown J, Beard E, Kotz D, Michie S, West R. Real-world effectiveness of e-cigarettes when used to aid smoking cessation: a cross-sectional population study. Addiction. 2014;109(9):1531\u201340.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"16","key":"284_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1408448","volume":"371","author":"NK Cobb","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cobb NK, Abrams DB. The FDA, e-cigarettes, and the demise of combusted tobacco. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(16):1469\u201371.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"284_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1314942","volume":"370","author":"MC Fiore","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fiore MC, Schroeder SA, Baker TB. Smoke, the chief killer\u2013strategies for targeting combustible tobacco use. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(4):297\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"284_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1808779","volume":"380","author":"P Hajek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hajek P, Phillips-Waller A, Przulj D, Pesola F, Myers Smith K, Bisal N, et al. A randomized trial of e-cigarettes versus nicotine-replacement therapy. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(7):629\u201337.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"284_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010216.pub6","author":"J Hartmann-Boyce","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hartmann-Boyce J, McRobbie H, Butler AR, Lindson N, Bullen C, Begh R, et al. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD010216.pub6.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"284_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-016-0481-x","volume":"17","author":"R Polosa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Polosa R, Morjaria JB, Caponnetto P, Prosperini U, Russo C, Pennisi A, et al. Evidence for harm reduction in COPD smokers who switch to electronic cigarettes. Respir Res. 2016;17(1):166.","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"284_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S161138","volume":"13","author":"R Polosa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Polosa R, Morjaria JB, Prosperini U, Russo C, Pennisi A, Puleo R, et al. Health effects in COPD smokers who switch to electronic cigarettes: a retrospective-prospective 3-year follow-up. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2018;13:2533\u201342.","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"284_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e181843","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.1843","volume":"1","author":"EF Ellerbeck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ellerbeck EF, Nollen N, Hutcheson TD, Phadnis M, Fitzgerald SA, Vacek J, et al. Effect of long-term nicotine replacement therapy vs standard smoking cessation for smokers with chronic lung disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(5):e181843.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"284_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2009.031567","volume":"19","author":"C Bullen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bullen C, McRobbie H, Thornley S, Glover M, Lin R, Laugesen M. Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e cigarette) on desire to smoke and withdrawal, user preferences and nicotine delivery: randomised cross-over trial. Tob Control. 2010;19(2):98\u2013103.","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"284_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nty062","volume":"21","author":"KE Warner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Warner KE, Mendez D. E-cigarettes: comparing the possible risks of increasing smoking initiation with the potential benefits of increasing smoking cessation. Nicotine Tob Res. 2019;21(1):41\u20137.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"284_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S135323","volume":"12","author":"JB Morjaria","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morjaria JB, Mondati E, Polosa R. E-cigarettes in patients with COPD: current perspectives. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:3203\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"284_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204062232096161","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622320961617","volume":"11","author":"R Polosa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Polosa R, Morjaria JB, Prosperini U, Bus\u00e0 B, Pennisi A, Malerba M, et al. COPD smokers who switched to e-cigarettes: health outcomes at 5-year follow up. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2020;11:2040622320961617.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"284_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201311-391FR","volume":"11","author":"MB Drummond","year":"2014","unstructured":"Drummond MB, Upson D. Electronic cigarettes. Potential harms and benefits. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014;11(2):236\u201342.","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"284_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2013.793439","volume":"25","author":"G Romagna","year":"2013","unstructured":"Romagna G, Allifranchini E, Bocchietto E, Todeschi S, Esposito M, Farsalinos KE. Cytotoxicity evaluation of electronic cigarette vapor extract on cultured mammalian fibroblasts (ClearStream-LIFE): comparison with tobacco cigarette smoke extract. Inhal Toxicol. 2013;25(6):354\u201361.","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"issue":"7","key":"284_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1808779","volume":"380","author":"P Hajek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hajek P, Phillips-Waller A, Przulj D, Pesola F, Myers Smith K, Bisal N, et al. A randomized trial of e-cigarettes versus nicotine-replacement therapy. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(7):629\u201337.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"284_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2017-053759","volume":"27","author":"DT Levy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Levy DT, Borland R, Lindblom EN, Goniewicz ML, Meza R, Holford TR, et al. Potential deaths averted in USA by replacing cigarettes with e-cigarettes. Tob Control. 2018;27(1):18\u201325.","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"284_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13404","volume":"112","author":"C Gartner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gartner C. The potential impact of vaporized nicotine products on vulnerable subpopulations. Addiction. 2017;112(1):18\u20139.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"284_CR26","unstructured":"Hygiene NYCDoHaM. September 18, 2017 Press Release: Smoking Rates. 2017. https:\/\/www1.nyc.gov\/site\/doh\/about\/press\/pr2017\/pr076-17.page. Accessed 18 Sept 2017."},{"issue":"4","key":"284_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00025214","volume":"44","author":"N Gupta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gupta N, Pinto LM, Morogan A, Bourbeau J. The COPD assessment test: a systematic review. Eur Respir J. 2014;44(4):873\u201384.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"5","key":"284_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.10.5.360","volume":"10","author":"L Biener","year":"1991","unstructured":"Biener L, Abrams DB. The contemplation ladder: validation of a measure of readiness to consider smoking cessation. Health Psychol. 1991;10(5):360\u20135.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"284_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","volume":"95","author":"PA Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott V, Fernandez M, O\u2019Neal L, et al. The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform. 2019;95:103208.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"6","key":"284_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(02)00242-8","volume":"23","author":"NW Scott","year":"2002","unstructured":"Scott NW, McPherson GC, Ramsay CR, Campbell MK. The method of minimization for allocation to clinical trials: a review. Control Clin Trials. 2002;23(6):662\u201374.","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"284_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.8b00235","volume":"32","author":"ZT Bitzer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bitzer ZT, Goel R, Reilly SM, Bhangu G, Trushin N, Foulds J, et al. Emissions of free radicals, carbonyls, and nicotine from the NIDA standardized research electronic cigarette and comparison to similar commercial devices. Chem Res Toxicol. 2019;32(1):130\u20138.","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"284_CR32","volume-title":"Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update","author":"MC Fiore","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fiore MC, Ja\u00e9n CR, Baker TB, Bailey WC, Benowitz NL, Curry SJ, et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. Rockville: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2008."},{"key":"284_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2407(09)03702-1","volume":"37","author":"D Poulin-Dubois","year":"2009","unstructured":"Poulin-Dubois D, Brooker I, Chow V. The developmental origins of naive psychology in infancy. Adv Child Dev Behav. 2009;37:55\u2013104.","journal-title":"Adv Child Dev Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"284_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1080\/08870449908410762","volume":"14","author":"A Dijkstra","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dijkstra A, Vries HD, Kok G, Rouackers J. Self-evaluation and motivation to change: social cognitive constructs in smoking cessation. Psychol Health. 1999;14(4):747\u201359.","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"284_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.58.3.472","volume":"58","author":"EM Ozer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ozer EM, Bandura A. Mechanisms governing empowerment effects: a self-efficacy analysis. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1990;58(3):472\u201386.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"284_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198104263660","volume":"31","author":"A Bandura","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bandura A. Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Educ Behav. 2004;31(2):143\u201364.","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"key":"284_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-5115-0_5","volume-title":"Social support: theory, research and applications","author":"S Cohen","year":"1985","unstructured":"Cohen S, Mermelstein R, Kamarck T, Hoberman HM. Measuring the functional components of social support. In: Sarason IG, Sarason BR, editors. Social support: theory, research and applications. Dordrecht: Springer; 1985. p. 73\u201394."},{"issue":"3","key":"284_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(90)90070-E","volume":"15","author":"WF Velicer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Velicer WF, Diclemente CC, Rossi JS, Prochaska JO. Relapse situations and self-efficacy: an integrative model. Addict Behav. 1990;15(3):271\u201383.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"284_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntq032","volume":"12","author":"SS Smith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smith SS, Piper ME, Bolt DM, Fiore MC, Wetter DW, Cinciripini PM, et al. Development of the brief Wisconsin inventory of smoking dependence motives. Nicotine Tob Res. 2010;12(5):489\u201399.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"284_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr193","volume":"174","author":"CM Hamilton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hamilton CM, Strader LC, Pratt JG, Maiese D, Hendershot T, Kwok RK, et al. The PhenX Toolkit: get the most from your measures. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;174(3):253\u201360.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11 Suppl 3","key":"284_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182872e5f","volume":"80","author":"RC Gershon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gershon RC, Wagster MV, Hendrie HC, Fox NA, Cook KF, Nowinski CJ. NIH toolbox for assessment of neurological and behavioral function. Neurology. 2013;80(11 Suppl 3):S2-6.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"284_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.11.021","volume":"63","author":"H Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu H, Cella D, Gershon R, Shen J, Morales LS, Riley W, et al. Representativeness of the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system internet panel. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63(11):1169\u201378.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"284_CR43","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. PATH Study Information. 2016. https:\/\/pathstudyinfo.nih.gov\/UI\/HomeMobile.aspx. Accessed 1 Nov 2021."},{"key":"284_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415","volume":"4","author":"S Shiffman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shiffman S, Stone AA, Hufford MR. Ecological momentary assessment. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2008;4:1\u201332.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"284_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05636","author":"AB Munari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Munari AB, Gulart AA, dos Santos K, Ven\u00e2ncio RS, Karloh M, Mayer AF. Modified medical research council dyspnea scale in GOLD classification better reflects physical activities of daily living. Respir Care. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/respcare.05636.","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"284_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-1-13","volume":"1","author":"T van der Molen","year":"2003","unstructured":"van der Molen T, Willemse BW, Schokker S, ten Hacken NH, Postma DS, Juniper EF. Development, validity and responsiveness of the clinical COPD Questionnaire. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003;1:13.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"284_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511973420","volume-title":"Negative binomial regression","author":"JM Hilbe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hilbe JM. Negative binomial regression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011."},{"key":"284_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-10-67","volume":"10","author":"M Arain","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arain M, Campbell MJ, Cooper CL, Lancaster GA. What is a pilot or feasibility study? A review of current practice and editorial policy. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2010;10:67.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"5","key":"284_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.10.008","volume":"45","author":"AC Leon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leon AC, Davis LL, Kraemer HC. The role and interpretation of pilot studies in clinical research. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45(5):626\u20139.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"284_CR50","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Analyzing qualitative data","author":"L Spencer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Spencer L, Ritchie J. Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research. In: Bryman A, Burgess B, editors. Analyzing qualitative data. Milton park: Routledge; 2002. p. 187\u2013208."},{"issue":"9","key":"284_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687","volume":"15","author":"HF Hsieh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hsieh HF, Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res. 2005;15(9):1277\u201388.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"284_CR52","volume-title":"Basics of qualitative research: grounded theory procedures and techniques","author":"A Strauss","year":"1990","unstructured":"Strauss A, Corbin JM. Basics of qualitative research: grounded theory procedures and techniques. Los angeles: Sage Publications; 1990."},{"key":"284_CR53","volume-title":"Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook","author":"MB Miles","year":"1994","unstructured":"Miles MB, Huberman AM. Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook. Los angeles: Sage Publications; 1994."},{"issue":"1","key":"284_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0594-7","volume":"18","author":"K Vasileiou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vasileiou K, Barnett J, Thorpe S, Young T. Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency in interview-based studies: systematic analysis of qualitative health research over a 15-year period. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18(1):148.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"284_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2013.03.035","volume":"1291","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Shin HS. Determination of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in replacement liquids of electronic cigarettes by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2013;1291:48\u201355.","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"284_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii18","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2013-051474","volume":"23","author":"MS Orr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Orr MS. Electronic cigarettes in the USA: a summary of available toxicology data and suggestions for the future. Tob Control. 2014;23(Suppl 2):ii18-22.","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"284_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859","volume":"23","author":"ML Goniewicz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goniewicz ML, Knysak J, Gawron M, Kosmider L, Sobczak A, Kurek J, et al. Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tob Control. 2014;23(2):133\u20139.","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"284_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntq218","volume":"13","author":"MT Kiviniemi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kiviniemi MT, Orom H, Giovino GA. Psychological distress and smoking behavior: the nature of the relation differs by race\/ethnicity. Nicotine Tob Res. 2011;13(2):113\u20139.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"284_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200410001734067","volume":"6","author":"S Shiffman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shiffman S, West R, Gilbert D. Recommendation for the assessment of tobacco craving and withdrawal in smoking cessation trials. Nicotine Tob Res. 2004;6(4):599\u2013614.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"284_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu204","volume":"17","author":"J Foulds","year":"2015","unstructured":"Foulds J, Veldheer S, Yingst J, Hrabovsky S, Wilson SJ, Nichols TT, et al. Development of a questionnaire for assessing dependence on electronic cigarettes among a large sample of ex-smoking E-cigarette users. Nicotine Tob Res. 2015;17(2):186\u201392.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"284_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2009.035279","volume":"19","author":"JE Henningfield","year":"2010","unstructured":"Henningfield JE, Zaatari GS. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: emerging science foundation for policy. Tob Control. 2010;19(2):89\u201390.","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"284_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2011-050044","volume":"22","author":"AK Regan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Regan AK, Promoff G, Dube SR, Arrazola R. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: adult use and awareness of the \u2018e-cigarette\u2019 in the USA. Tob Control. 2013;22(1):19\u201323.","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"9","key":"284_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300526","volume":"102","author":"JL Pearson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pearson JL, Richardson A, Niaura RS, Vallone DM, Abrams DB. e-Cigarette awareness, use, and harm perceptions in US adults. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(9):1758\u201366.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"284_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2010.199281","volume":"100","author":"NK Cobb","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cobb NK, Byron MJ, Abrams DB, Shields PG. Novel nicotine delivery systems and public health: the rise of the \u201ce-cigarette.\u201d Am J Public Health. 2010;100(12):2340\u20132.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"284_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.007","volume":"166","author":"EK Soule","year":"2016","unstructured":"Soule EK, Lopez AA, Guy MC, Cobb CO. Reasons for using flavored liquids among electronic cigarette users: a concept mapping study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;166:168\u201376.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"284_CR66","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with E-Cigarette Use, or Vaping. 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/basic_information\/e-cigarettes\/severe-lung-disease.html. Accessed 1 Nov 2021."},{"key":"284_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamb T, Muthumalage T. JUUL e-cigarette and vape pen flavors impose oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in lung epithelial cells and macrophages. In: B107 effects of e-cigarettes and their components on respiratory dysfunction, inflammation, and repair. 2019. p. A4186\u2013A.","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_MeetingAbstracts.A4186"},{"issue":"11","key":"284_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019366-e","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19366","volume":"3","author":"M Koslow","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koslow M, Petrache I. A Finale on EVALI?: The abated but not forgotten outbreak of acute respiratory illness in individuals who vape. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(11):e2019366-e.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"284_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204062231987774","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622319877741","volume":"10","author":"KE Farsalinos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farsalinos KE, Polosa R, Cibella F, Niaura R. Is e-cigarette use associated with coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction? Insights from the 2016 and 2017 National Health Interview Surveys. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2019;10:2040622319877741.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"284_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntw017","volume":"18","author":"TY Tseng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tseng TY, Ostroff JS, Campo A, Gerard M, Kirchner T, Rotrosen J, et al. A randomized trial comparing the effect of nicotine versus placebo electronic cigarettes on smoking reduction among young adult smokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016;18(10):1937\u201343.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"284_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.01.012","volume":"80","author":"DJ Rohsenow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rohsenow DJ, Tidey JW, Martin RA, Colby SM, Eissenberg T. Effects of six weeks of electronic cigarette use on smoking rate, CO, cigarette dependence, and motivation to quit smoking: a pilot study. Addict Behav. 2018;80:65\u201370.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"284_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00066-2016","author":"KI Berger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Berger KI, Pradhan DR, Goldring RM, Oppenheimer BW, Rom WN, Segal LN. Distal airway dysfunction identifies pulmonary inflammation in asymptomatic smokers. ERJ Open Res. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/23120541.00066-2016.","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"}],"container-title":["Addiction Science &amp; Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13722-021-00284-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13722-021-00284-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13722-021-00284-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]],"date-time":"2024-09-15T20:23:01Z","timestamp":1726431781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13722-021-00284-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13722-021-00284-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1940-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1940-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol has been approved by the NYU Langone Institutional Review Board (IRB).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2"}}