{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T17:48:30Z","timestamp":1783014510311,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002957","name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Addict Sci Clin Pract"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Alcohol use disorder (AUD) poses severe health risks, yet many affected individuals opt out of complete abstinence. Therefore, harm reduction strategies have become more prominent in treatment guidelines for AUD. Our two case reports illustrate how disulfiram, initially intended to enforce abstinence, was repurposed to support reduced drinking.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case Presentations<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 41-year-old patient with a history of severe AUD successfully reduced his alcohol consumption to a low-risk level by leveraging the effects of the disulfiram-alcohol aversive reaction. Another patient, a 63-year-old woman with long histories of AUD and major depressive disorder, experienced fewer depressive episodes and hospitalizations with disulfiram therapy despite periodically intentional discontinuation of medication.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Individualized treatment strategies are critical in optimizing outcomes for patients with AUD. Continuous disulfiram therapy, despite its limitations in directly reducing alcohol intake, might offer a new avenue for harm reduction in exceptional cases even if alcohol consumption continues. The cases suggest that maintaining therapy, aiming at reduced drinking, can enhance the therapeutic alliance and help manage comorbid conditions. Regular medical monitoring is essential for safety and efficacy, warranting further study of possible long-term consequences and psychotropic effects of elevated acetaldehyde levels related to the disulfiram-alcohol interaction.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-024-00522-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T07:37:27Z","timestamp":1733125047000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Regaining control over alcohol intake but not abstinence on disulfiram medication, as a harm reduction approach: 2 case reports"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7472-9649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max","family":"Schallenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4323-3309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"Pilhatsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4163-9014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Petzold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9674-3874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Vogel-Blaschka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich S.","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8436-8520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maik","family":"Spreer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"522_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15357","volume":"116","author":"T Mekonen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mekonen T, Chan GCK, Connor J, Hall W, Hides L, Leung J. Treatment rates for alcohol use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction. 2021;116(10):2617\u201334.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"522_CR2","unstructured":"Europe WROf. European status report on alcohol and health 2010. Copenhagen2010. p. 373."},{"key":"522_CR3","unstructured":"Organization WH. Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004. Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse; 2004. p. 94."},{"key":"522_CR4","unstructured":"d\u2019Alcoologie StFa. M\u00e9susage de l\u2019alcool: d\u00e9pistage, diagnostic et traitement. D\u2019apr\u00e8s la m\u00e9thode \u00ab Recommandations pour la pratique clinique \u00bb. 59120 Loos2023."},{"key":"522_CR5","unstructured":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie PuND. Screening, Diagnose und Behandlung alkoholbezogener St\u00f6rungen Dezember 2020 [ https:\/\/www.awmf.org\/leitlinien\/detail\/ll\/076-001.html"},{"key":"522_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witkiewitz K, Falk DE, Litten RZ, Hasin DS, Kranzler HR, Mann KF et al. Maintenance of World Health Organization Risk Drinking Level Reductions and Posttreatment Functioning Following a Large Alcohol Use Disorder Clinical Trial. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2019;43(5):979\u2009\u2013\u200987.","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14018"},{"issue":"5","key":"522_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2003.11.027","volume":"38","author":"G Corrao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Corrao G, Bagnardi V, Zambon A, La Vecchia C. A meta-analysis of alcohol consumption and the risk of 15 diseases. Prev Med. 2004;38(5):613\u20139.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"522_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agt021","volume":"48","author":"J Rehm","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rehm J, Roerecke M. Reduction of drinking in problem drinkers and all-cause mortality. Alcohol Alcohol. 2013;48(4):509\u201313.","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"10","key":"522_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000340","volume":"114","author":"M Roerecke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roerecke M, Vafaei A, Hasan OSM, Chrystoja BR, Cruz M, Lee R, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114(10):1574\u201386.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"522_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godos J, Giampieri F, Chisari E, Micek A, Paladino N, Forbes-Hern\u00e1ndez TY et al. Alcohol consumption, bone Mineral Density, and risk of osteoporotic fractures: a dose-response Meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(3).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031515"},{"issue":"3","key":"522_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.11.044","volume":"136","author":"I Nordback","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nordback I, Pelli H, Lappalainen-Lehto R, J\u00e4rvinen S, R\u00e4ty S, Sand J. The recurrence of acute alcohol-associated pancreatitis can be reduced: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2009;136(3):848\u201355.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"11","key":"522_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14828","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121114828","volume":"12","author":"I Maremmani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maremmani I, Cibin M, Pani PP, Rossi A, Turchetti G. Harm reduction as Continuum Care in Alcohol abuse disorder. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(11):14828\u201341.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"522_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1181","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13r08379","volume":"74","author":"M Roerecke","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roerecke M, Gual A, Rehm J. Reduction of alcohol consumption and subsequent mortality in alcohol use disorders: systematic review and meta-analyses. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(12):e1181\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"522_CR14","unstructured":"Sousa AD. Disulfiram. 1 edSpringer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019."},{"key":"522_CR15","unstructured":"Schaller K, Kahnert S, Garcia-Verdugo R, Treede I, Graen L, Ou\u00e9draogo N. Alkoholatlas-Deutschland-2022. Pabst Science Publishers (Verlag) Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (Herausgebendes Organ); 2022. p. 166."},{"key":"522_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00f6sner S, Hackl-Herrwerth A, Leucht S, Vecchi S, Srisurapanont M, Soyka M. Opioid antagonists for alcohol dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Reviews. 2010(12).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001867.pub3"},{"issue":"5","key":"522_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1159\/000481348","volume":"23","author":"K Mann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mann K, Aubin HJ, Witkiewitz K. Reduced drinking in Alcohol Dependence Treatment, what is the evidence? Eur Addict Res. 2017;23(5):219\u201330.","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"522_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15118","volume":"47","author":"HR Kranzler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kranzler HR, Hartwell EE. Medications for treating alcohol use disorder: a narrative review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken). 2023;47(7):1224\u201337.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"1","key":"522_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.1750101","volume":"175","author":"VI Reus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reus VI, Fochtmann LJ, Bukstein O, Eyler AE, Hilty DM, Horvitz-Lennon M, et al. The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the pharmacological treatment of patients with Alcohol Use Disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2018;175(1):86\u201390.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"522_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-103592","volume":"49","author":"J Mutschler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mutschler J, Grosshans M, Soyka M, R\u00f6sner S. Current findings and mechanisms of action of Disulfiram in the treatment of Alcohol Dependence. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2016;49(4):137\u201341.","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"522_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmermann US, Plickert C, L\u00fcdecke C, Stuppe M, Rosenbeiger C, Krisam Y et al. Patienten- und Qualit\u00e4tsmerkmale bei der Behandlung mit Disulfiram (\u201eAntabus) im deutschsprachigen \u201eNetzwerk alkoholaversive Pharmakotherapie. Der Nervenarzt. 2024.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-024-01714-5"},{"key":"522_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmermann U. SOP Ambulante Alkoholaversionstherapie Mit Disulfiram. In: Spreer M, editor. PSYCH up2date 2021. Thieme; 2021. pp. 364\u20139.","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1221-2727"},{"issue":"3","key":"522_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000222512.25649.08","volume":"26","author":"JJ Suh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Suh JJ, Pettinati HM, Kampman KM, O\u2019Brien CP. The status of disulfiram: a half of a century later. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;26(3):290\u2013302.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"522_CR24","unstructured":"Stokes M, Abdijadid S, Disulfiram. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing Copyright \u00a9 2023. StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2023."},{"key":"522_CR25","unstructured":"Physicians Total Care I. ANTABUSE -. disulfiram tablet 2012 [ https:\/\/dailymed.nlm.nih.gov\/dailymed\/fda\/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=12850de3-c97c-42c1-b8d3-55dc6fd05750&type=display"},{"issue":"05","key":"522_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1221-2727","volume":"15","author":"U Zimmermann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zimmermann U, Spreer M. SOP Ambulante Alkoholaversionstherapie Mit Disulfiram. PSYCH up2date. 2021;15(05):364\u20139.","journal-title":"PSYCH up2date"},{"issue":"S7","key":"522_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51254","volume":"215","author":"PS Haber","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haber PS, Riordan BC, Winter DT, Barrett L, Saunders J, Hides L, et al. New Australian guidelines for the treatment of alcohol problems: an overview of recommendations. Med J Aust. 2021;215(S7):S3\u201332.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"6","key":"522_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13757","volume":"112","author":"J Rehm","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rehm J, Gmel GE, Sr., Gmel G, Hasan OSM, Imtiaz S, Popova S, et al. The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease-an update. Addiction. 2017;112(6):968\u20131001.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"522_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehm J, Rovira P, Llamosas-Falc\u00f3n L, Shield KD. Dose-response relationships between levels of Alcohol Use and risks of Mortality or Disease, for all people, by Age, Sex, and specific risk factors. Nutrients. 2021;13(8).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082652"},{"key":"522_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4236\/ojpsych.2014.41007","volume":"4","author":"G Kalra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kalra G, Desousa A, Shrivastava A. Disulfiram in the management of alcohol dependence: a comprehensive clinical review. Open J Psychiatry. 2014;4:43\u201352.","journal-title":"Open J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"07","key":"522_CR31","first-page":"375","volume":"49","author":"N Pontzen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pontzen N, Schomerus G, Steinberg H. Die Praxis Der medikament\u00f6sen Alkoholentw\u00f6hnung in Der Psychiatrie Der DDR \u2013 die Methoden Der aversions- und Disulfirambehandlung. Psychiatr Prax. 2021;49(07):375\u201381.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Prax"},{"key":"522_CR32","volume-title":"Ein Anderes Leben","author":"PO Enquist","year":"2009","unstructured":"Enquist PO, Butt W, Butt W, Enquist PO, Enquist PO. Ein Anderes Leben. Hanser M\u00fcnchen: Hanser; 2009."},{"issue":"10","key":"522_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.02.016","volume":"57","author":"IL Petrakis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Petrakis IL, Poling J, Levinson C, Nich C, Carroll K, Rounsaville B, et al. Naltrexone and disulfiram in patients with alcohol dependence and comorbid psychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(10):1128\u201337.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"522_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agm136","volume":"43","author":"E Laaksonen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Laaksonen E, Koski-J\u00e4nnes A, Salaspuro M, Ahtinen H, Alho H. A randomized, multicentre, open-label, comparative trial of disulfiram, naltrexone and acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Alcohol Alcohol. 2007;43(1):53\u201361.","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"1","key":"522_CR35","first-page":"Cd007024","volume":"1","author":"F Traccis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Traccis F, Minozzi S, Trogu E, Vacca R, Vecchi S, Pani PP, et al. Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024;1(1):Cd007024.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"522_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.07.011","volume":"73","author":"TR Kosten","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kosten TR, Wu G, Huang W, Harding MJ, Hamon SC, Lappalainen J, et al. Pharmacogenetic randomized trial for cocaine abuse: disulfiram and dopamine \u03b2-hydroxylase. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;73(3):219\u201324.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"522_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15041258","volume":"15","author":"Z Zhai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhai Z, Yamauchi T, Shangraw S, Hou V, Matsumoto A, Fujita M. Ethanol metabolism and Melanoma. Cancers. 2023;15(4):1258.","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"7687","key":"522_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25154","volume":"553","author":"JI Garaycoechea","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garaycoechea JI, Crossan GP, Langevin F, Mulderrig L, Louzada S, Yang F, et al. Alcohol and endogenous aldehydes damage chromosomes and mutate stem cells. Nature. 2018;553(7687):171\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"522_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00003-022-01386-w","volume":"17","author":"JG Hengstler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hengstler JG, Baum M, Cartus AT, Diel P, Eisenbrand G, Engel K-H, et al. Stellungnahme zu Acetaldehyd als Aromastoff: Aspekte Der Risikobewertung. J Consumer Prot Food Saf. 2022;17(3):285\u201393.","journal-title":"J Consumer Prot Food Saf"},{"issue":"4","key":"522_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7041285","volume":"7","author":"R Guo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guo R, Ren J. Alcohol and acetaldehyde in public health: from marvel to menace. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010;7(4):1285\u2013301.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"522_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.07.009","volume":"36","author":"M Correa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Correa M, Salamone JD, Segovia KN, Pardo M, Longoni R, Spina L, et al. Piecing together the puzzle of acetaldehyde as a neuroactive agent. Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews. 2012;36(1):404\u201330.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"522_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(90)90534-K","volume":"88","author":"C Wright","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wright C, Moore RD. Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism. Am J Med. 1990;88(6):647\u201355.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"522_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e31822fbf7c","volume":"33","author":"S Br\u00fcnen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Br\u00fcnen S, Vincent PD, Baumann P, Hiemke C, Havemann-Reinecke U. Therapeutic drug monitoring for drugs used in the treatment of substance-related disorders: literature review using a therapeutic drug monitoring appropriateness rating scale. Ther Drug Monit. 2011;33(5):561\u201372.","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"522_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spanagel R, Bach P, Banaschewski T, Beck A, Bermpohl F, Bernardi RE, et al. The ReCoDe addiction research consortium: losing and regaining control over drug intake\u2014findings and future perspectives. Addict Biol. 2024;29(7):e13419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/adb.13419.","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.13419"}],"container-title":["Addiction Science &amp; Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13722-024-00522-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13722-024-00522-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13722-024-00522-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T08:05:26Z","timestamp":1733126726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13722-024-00522-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13722-024-00522-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1940-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1940-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The case series was constituted as part of a study whose objective was to ascertain the efficacy of disulfiram therapy at the University Hospital Dresden. The study was submitted to and approved by the ethics committee (Reference number: BO-EK-188052024).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Available.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"90"}}