{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T02:44:15Z","timestamp":1788403455951,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DA057670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA057670"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01 DA055130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01 DA055130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG1DA015815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG1DA015815"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000058","name":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CFDA 93.788 #H79TI085732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CFDA 93.788 #H79TI085732"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Addict Sci Clin Pract"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Contingency management (CM) that is delivered by peer recovery support specialists and incentivizes harm reduction goals among people not seeking treatment for stimulant use has not been tested. The Peers Expanding Engagement in Stimulant Harm Reduction with Contingency Management (PEER-CM) study compares the effectiveness of two peer-facilitated CM interventions: (1) an experimental approach incentivizing achievement of client-identified harm reduction goals and (2) an enhanced standard of care approach incentivizing peer visit attendance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Applying a hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation framework and stepped-wedge design across 14 community-based peer services sites across Oregon, the PEER-CM study trains peers to conduct CM. All sites implement the standard CM approach of incentivizing peer visit attendance. Every 2\u00a0months, two sites are randomly assigned to initiate the experimental CM condition of incentives for achieving client-directed harm reduction activities. Peers monitor progress and manage incentives. In the experimental approach, peers facilitate client progress on goal-related activities (selected from a standardized list of goals) to support the primary study outcome of reducing opioid overdoses and stimulant overamping. The intended study enrollment is approximately 80 clients per site (N\u2009=\u20091,120). Peer specialists participate in skills-focused coaching-to-criterion coaching process to document proficient CM delivery skills. This includes a series of group coaching sessions and an individual assessment with a standardized patient, observed and rated according to core dimensions of the Contingency Management Competence Scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary study outcome is time until peer-reported fatal or first participant-reported non-fatal overdose or overamp (acute stimulant toxicity). Secondary outcomes include achievement of client-identified harm reduction goals and engagement in substance use disorder treatment. We will also demonstrate the feasibility of our coaching-to-criterion process by documenting peer proficiency in CM skills. Qualitative interviews with peers and their clients will explore the optimal context and implementation strategies for peer-facilitated CM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PEER-CM is among the first trials to test the effectiveness of peer-facilitated CM for achieving harm reduction goals and reducing overdose in non-treatment-seeking people who use stimulants. The findings will generate evidence for peer-facilitated delivery of CM and application of CM to client-identified harm reduction goals.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Trial Registration<\/jats:italic>\n                      : This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT 05700994).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-025-00577-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T06:20:58Z","timestamp":1749536458000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The peers expanding engagement in stimulant harm reduction with contingency management study: a protocol paper"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Alexis","family":"Cooke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Stack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Hartzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"Leichtling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christi","family":"Hildebran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith M.","family":"Leahy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelsey Smith","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn E.","family":"Kunkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Todd","family":"Korthuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"577_CR1","unstructured":"Ahmad FB, Rossen LM, Sutton P. Provisional drug overdose death counts. National Center for Health Statistics; 2021."},{"key":"577_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108060","volume":"212","author":"PV AshaRani","year":"2020","unstructured":"AshaRani PV, Hombali A, Seow E, Ong WJ, Tan JH, Subramaniam M. Non-pharmacological interventions for methamphetamine use disorder: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;212:108060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108060.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"577_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.106945","volume":"119","author":"R Ashford","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ashford R, Brown A, Canode B, Sledd A, Potter J, Bergman B. Peer-based recovery support services delivered at recovery community organizations: predictors of improvements in individual recovery capital. Addict Behav. 2021;119:106945.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"577_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/adm.0000000000000669","volume":"15","author":"R Baker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baker R, Leichtling G, Hildebran C, Pinela C, Waddell EN, Sidlow C, Korthuis PT. \u201c Like Yin and Yang\u201d: perceptions of methamphetamine benefits and consequences among people who use opioids in rural communities. J Addict Med. 2021;15(1):34\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/adm.0000000000000669.","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"577_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2016.01.003","volume":"63","author":"EL Bassuk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bassuk EL, Hanson J, Greene RN, Richard M, Laudet A. Peer-delivered recovery support services for addictions in the united states: a systematic review. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2016;63:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2016.01.003.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"577_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2018.1455164","volume":"40","author":"SJ Becker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Becker SJ, Kelly LM, Kang AW, Escobar KI, Squires DD. Factors associated with contingency management adoption among opioid treatment providers receiving a comprehensive implementation strategy. Subst Abuse. 2019;40(1):56\u201360.","journal-title":"Subst Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"577_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-020-00211-9","volume":"16","author":"SJ Becker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Becker SJ, Murphy CM, Hartzler B, Rash CJ, Janssen T, Roosa M, Garner BR. Project MIMIC (Maximizing Implementation of Motivational Incentives in Clinics): a cluster-randomized type 3 hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2021;16(1):1\u201316.","journal-title":"Addict Sci Clin Pract"},{"key":"577_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2007.9987","author":"JB Bradford","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bradford JB, Coleman S, Cunningham W. HIV system navigation: an emerging model to improve HIV care access. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/apc.2007.9987.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"key":"577_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108307","volume":"216","author":"HD Brown","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown HD, DeFulio A. Contingency management for the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;216:108307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108307.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"577_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7586","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e7586","volume":"346","author":"A-W Chan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chan A-W, Tetzlaff JM, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Altman DG, Mann H, Berlin JA, Parulekar WR. SPIRIT 2013 explanation and elaboration: guidance for protocols of clinical trials. BMJ. 2013;346:e7586.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"577_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.020","volume":"185","author":"D DePhilippis","year":"2018","unstructured":"DePhilippis D, Petry NM, Bonn-Miller MO, Rosenbach SB, McKay JR. The national implementation of Contingency Management (CM) in the Department of Veterans Affairs: attendance at CM sessions and substance use outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;185:367\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.020.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"577_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01052","author":"D Eddie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eddie D, Hoffman L, Vilsaint C, Abry A, Bergman B, Hoeppner B, Kelly JF. Lived experience in new models of care for substance use disorder: a systematic review of peer recovery support services and recovery coaching. Front Psychol. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01052.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"577_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16318","volume":"118","author":"J Friedman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Friedman J, Shover CL. Charting the fourth wave: geographic, temporal, race\/ethnicity and demographic trends in polysubstance fentanyl overdose deaths in the United States, 2010\u20132021. Addiction. 2023;118(12):2477\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.16318.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"577_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2015.11.010","volume":"72","author":"B Hartzler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hartzler B, Beadnell B, Donovan D. Predictive validity of addiction treatment clinicians\u2019 post-training contingency management skills for subsequent clinical outcomes. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2017;72:126\u201333.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"4","key":"577_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2013.12.007","volume":"46","author":"B Hartzler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hartzler B, Jackson TR, Jones BE, Beadnell B, Calsyn DA. Disseminating contingency management: impacts of staff training and implementation at an opiate treatment program. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2014;46(4):429\u201338.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"577_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hedegaard H, Minino AM, Warner M. Co-involvement of opioids in drug overdose deaths involving cocaine and psychostimulants. NCHS Data Brief 406; 2021, p. 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15620\/cdc:103966.","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:103966"},{"key":"577_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h391","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h391","volume":"350","author":"K Hemming","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hemming K, Haines TP, Chilton PJ, Girling AJ, Lilford RJ. The stepped wedge cluster randomised trial: rationale, design, analysis, and reporting. BMJ. 2015;350:h391.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"577_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14688","volume":"1508","author":"CM Jones","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jones CM, Houry D, Han B, Baldwin G, Vivolo-Kantor A, Compton WM. Methamphetamine use in the United States: epidemiological update and implications for prevention, treatment, and harm reduction. Ann New York Acad Sci. 2022;1508:3\u201322.","journal-title":"Ann New York Acad Sci"},{"key":"577_CR19","unstructured":"Korthuis PT, Leichtling G, Seaman A. A Community Peer Recovery Support Specialist Model for Engaging People Who Use Drugs in Rural Communities. Paper presented at the Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) Washington, D.C. 2023, November 2, 2023."},{"key":"577_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.11.015","volume":"41","author":"C Marshall","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marshall C, Perreault M, Archambault L, Milton D. Experiences of peer-trainers in a take-home naloxone program: results from a qualitative study. Int J Drug Policy. 2017;41:19\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.11.015.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"577_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.002","volume":"151","author":"Z Marshall","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marshall Z, Dechman MK, Minichiello A, Alcock L, Harris GE. Peering into the literature: a systematic review of the roles of people who inject drugs in harm reduction initiatives. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;151:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.002.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"5","key":"577_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0252090","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252090","volume":"16","author":"K Papamihali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Papamihali K, Collins D, Karamouzian M, Purssell R, Graham B, Buxton J. Crystal methamphetamine use in British Columbia, Canada: a cross-sectional study of people who access harm reduction services. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(5):e0252090.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"577_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.015","volume":"122","author":"NM Petry","year":"2012","unstructured":"Petry NM, Alessi SM, Ledgerwood DM. Contingency management delivered by community therapists in outpatient settings. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;122(1\u20132):86\u201392.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"10","key":"577_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000330","volume":"86","author":"NM Petry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Petry NM, Alessi SM, Rash CJ, Barry D, Carroll KM. A randomized trial of contingency management reinforcing attendance at treatment: do duration and timing of reinforcement matter? J Consult Clin Psychol. 2018;86(10):799\u2013809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ccp0000330.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"577_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108556","volume":"133","author":"RA Pfund","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pfund RA, Ginley MK, Rash CJ, Zajac K. Contingency management for treatment attendance: a meta-analysis. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2022;133:108556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108556.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"577_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2016.09.008","volume":"72","author":"CJ Rash","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rash CJ, Stitzer M, Weinstock J. Contingency management: new directions and remaining challenges for an evidence-based intervention. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2017;72:10\u20138.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"577_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02554-0","volume":"25","author":"CJ Reback","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reback CJ, Kisler KA, Fletcher JB. A novel adaptation of peer health navigation and contingency management for advancement along the HIV care continuum among transgender women of color. AIDS Behav. 2021;25(Suppl 1):40\u201351.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"577_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0234809","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234809","volume":"15","author":"C Ronsley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ronsley C, Nolan S, Knight R, Hayashi K, Klimas J, Walley A, Fairbairn N. Treatment of stimulant use disorder: a systematic review of reviews. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(6):e0234809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0234809.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"577_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-03141-4","volume":"25","author":"A Seaman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seaman A, Leichtling G, Stack E, Gray M, Pope J, Larsen JE, Korthuis PT. Harm reduction and adaptations among PWUD in rural Oregon during COVID-19. AIDS Behav. 2021;25(5):1331\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-020-03141-4.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"577_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/adm.0000000000000810","author":"E Stack","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stack E, Hildebran C, Leichtling G, Waddell EN, Leahy JM, Martin E, Korthuis PT. Peer recovery support services across the continuum: in community, hospital, corrections, and treatment and recovery agency settings - a narrative review. J Addict Med. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/adm.0000000000000810.","journal-title":"J Addict Med"}],"container-title":["Addiction Science &amp; Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13722-025-00577-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13722-025-00577-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13722-025-00577-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T06:21:00Z","timestamp":1749536460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13722-025-00577-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13722-025-00577-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1940-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1940-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Oregon Health & Science Institutional Review Board (IRB #24672).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"48"}}