{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T15:45:36Z","timestamp":1788191136679,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Addict Sci Clin Pract"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Europe, cocaine use has recently been on the rise among people who use drugs (PWUD). In parallel, cathinones, another type of psychostimulant that were once associated within the unique context of chemsex, are now spreading to broader patterns of use. Here, we examined trends in reported drug use, including cathinones, among PWUD attending the main harm reduction center in Lyon, France, between 2019 and 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a year-by-year comparison of standardized assessments completed at entry and updated annually for all PWUD attending the harm reduction center. These assessments collected sociodemographic characteristics (i.e., age, sex, nationality, family, housing, and occupational status), and the types of drugs reported as used. We performed logistic regression models to compare the prevalence of each substance, used as the dependent variable, with year and sociodemographic characteristics of PWUD as independent variables. Adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals (aOR [95% CI]) were reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 1,652 PWUD were analyzed. Between 2019 and 2023, the proportion of PWUD reporting cathinone use increased from 1.1% to 10.9%, and from 53.2% to 73.2% for cocaine (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 for both). In parallel, the proportion of PWUD reporting alcohol use decreased from 29.5% to 12.8%, and from 72.1% to 39.9% for opioids (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 for both). After adjusting for age, sex, and socioeconomic factors, and using 2019 as the reference year, we found significant increases in reported cathinone use in 2022 (aOR [95% CI]\u2009=\u20094.84 [1.35\u201331.05]) and 2023 (aOR [95% CI]\u2009=\u20094.90 [1.40-31.06]), along with significant decreases in opioid use in 2022 (aOR [95% CI]\u2009=\u20090.50 [0.28\u20130.88]) and 2023 (aOR [95%CI]\u2009=\u20090.39 [0.22\u20130.66]). The changes observed for alcohol and cocaine were no longer significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed a significant increase in the proportion of PWUD reporting cathinone use at harm reduction centers. This trend highlights the need for improved training for caregivers and adaptations in the services provided for these substances within these facilities. Further research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of the profiles of more vulnerable cathinone users and their motivations for use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-026-00655-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T08:28:12Z","timestamp":1774513692000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The rising wave of cathinone use in people attending harm reduction facilities: a French repeated cross-sectional study (2019\u20132023)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"de Ternay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Plasse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Rolland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"655_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciccarone D. The rise of illicit fentanyls, stimulants and the fourth wave of the opioid overdose crisis. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2021 July 1;34(4):344.","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000717"},{"key":"655_CR2","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC). Provisional Drug Overdose Death Counts [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Oct 31]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nvss\/vsrr\/drug-overdose-data.htm."},{"key":"655_CR3","unstructured":"Understanding Europe\u2019s drug situation in 2024 \u2013 key developments (European Drug Report 2024) | https:\/\/www.euda.europa.eu [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 31]. Available from: https:\/\/www.euda.europa.eu\/publications\/european-drug-report\/2024\/drug-situation-in-europe-up-to-2024_en."},{"key":"655_CR4","unstructured":"Spilka S, Le N\u00e9zet O, Janssen E, Brissot A, Philippon A, Eroukmanoff V. Les niveaux d\u2019usage des drogues illicites en France en 2023 [Rates of use of illicit drugs in France in 2023 \u2013 Results from the EROPP 2023 survey]. OFDT [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Oct 31]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ofdt.fr\/publication\/2024\/les-niveaux-d-usage-des-drogues-illicites-en-france-en-2023-2122."},{"key":"655_CR5","unstructured":"Observation of Illicit or Misused Psychoactive Substances (OPPIDUM). Results from the 2023 OPPIDUM Study [Internet]. Addictovigilance. 2023 [cited 2025 Sept 26]. Available from: https:\/\/addictovigilance.fr\/programmes-dobservation\/oppidum\/."},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2016.1229875","volume":"48","author":"L Ashrafioun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ashrafioun L, Bonadio FA, Baik KD, Bradbury SL, Carhart VL, Cross NA, et al. Patterns of Use, acute subjective Experiences, and motivations for using synthetic Cathinones (\u201cBath Salts\u201d) in recreational users. J Psychoact Drugs. 2016;48(5):336\u201343.","journal-title":"J Psychoact Drugs"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2014.962717","volume":"46","author":"PS Johnson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johnson PS, Johnson MW. Investigation of \u2018bath salts\u2019 use patterns within an online sample of users in the united States. J Psychoact Drugs. 2014;46(5):369\u201378.","journal-title":"J Psychoact Drugs"},{"key":"655_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simonis S, Canfyn M, Dijck AV, Havere TV, Deconinck E, Blanckaert P, et al. Awareness of users and motivational factors for using new psychoactive substances in Belgium. Harm Reduct J. 2020 July 25;17:52.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00393-0"},{"key":"655_CR9","unstructured":"Synthetic stimulants \u2013 the current situation in Europe. (European Drug Report 2024) | https:\/\/www.euda.europa.eu [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 31]. Available from: https:\/\/www.euda.europa.eu\/publications\/european-drug-report\/2024\/synthetic-stimulants_en."},{"key":"655_CR10","unstructured":"Dupport C. Substances psychoactives, usagers et march\u00e9s. Tendances r\u00e9centes \u00e0 Marseille et en Provence-Alpes-C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur en 2022 [Psychoactive substances, users, and market. Recent trends in Marseille and in the Provence-Alpes-C\u00f4te-d\u2019Azur region in 2022]. OFDT [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Oct 31]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ofdt.fr\/publication\/2023\/substances-psychoactives-usagers-et-marches-tendances-recentes-marseille-et-en."},{"key":"655_CR11","unstructured":"Tissot N. Substances psychoactives, usagers et march\u00e9s. Tendances r\u00e9centes \u00e0 Lyon et en Auvergne-Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes en 2023 [Psychoactive substances, users, and market. Recent trends in Lyon and in the Auvergne-Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes region in 2023]. OFDT [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Oct 31]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ofdt.fr\/publication\/2024\/substances-psychoactives-usagers-et-marches-tendances-recentes-lyon-et-en-auvergne."},{"key":"655_CR12","unstructured":"France C. Drug Report 2018 | https:\/\/www.euda.europa.eu [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 31]. Available from: https:\/\/www.euda.europa.eu\/publications\/country-drug-reports\/2018\/france_en."},{"key":"655_CR13","unstructured":"Cadet-Ta\u00efrou A, Janssen E, Guilbaud F. Profils et pratiques des usagers re\u00e7us en CAARUD en 2019. Tendances, OFDT, 2020; 142, 4 p [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 Oct 31]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ofdt.fr\/publication\/2020\/profils-et-pratiques-des-usagers-recus-en-caarud-en-2019-649."},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman L. Random forests. Mach Learn. 2001;45(1):5\u201332.","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr597","volume":"28","author":"DJ Stekhoven","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stekhoven DJ, B\u00fchlmann P. MissForest\u2014non-parametric missing value imputation for mixed-type data. Bioinformatics. 2012;28(1):112\u20138.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"655_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donnadieu H, Quillet C, D\u2019Ottavi M, Castellani J, Debellefontaine A, Guichard S, et al. Community-based respondent-driven sampling as a strategy for drug use surveillance in a large French urban area. Harm Reduct J. 2023 June;29(1):82.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00814-w"},{"key":"655_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunt TM, Lefran\u00e7ois E, Gunnar T, Arponen A, Seyler T, Goudriaan AE, et al. Substances detected in used syringes of injecting drug users across 7 cities in Europe in 2017 and 2018: the European syringe collection and analysis project enterprise (ESCAPE). Int J Drug Policy. 2021 Sept;95:103130.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103130"},{"key":"655_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordmann S, Nefau T, Micallef J, Duplessy C, Catusse JC, Frauger E. Analyse des seringues usag\u00e9es: un reflet de la consommation de substances psychoactives par les usagers de drogues par voie intraveineuse ? Therapies. 2023 Sept 1;78(5, Supplement):S51\u20137.","DOI":"10.2515\/therapie\/2015054"},{"key":"655_CR19","unstructured":"EU Drug Market. New psychoactive substances \u2014 Distribution and supply in Europe: Synthetic cathinones | https:\/\/www.euda.europa.eu [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 31]. Available from: https:\/\/www.euda.europa.eu\/publications\/eu-drug-markets\/new-psychoactive-substances\/distribution-and-supply\/synthetic-cathinones_en#:~:text=The%20number%20of%20cathinones%20reported,Union%2C%202005%2D2023."},{"issue":"7","key":"655_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.01.012","volume":"26","author":"K Meyers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meyers K, Kaynak \u00d6, Bresani E, Curtis B, McNamara A, Brownfield K, et al. The availability and depiction of synthetic cathinones (i.e., bath salts) on the internet: do online suppliers employ features to maximize purchases? Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26(7):670.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"655_CR21","unstructured":"Heroin and other opioids \u2013 the current situation in Europe. (European Drug Report 2024) | www.euda.europa.eu [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 31]. Available from: https:\/\/www.euda.europa.eu\/publications\/european-drug-report\/2024\/heroin-and-other-opioids_en."},{"key":"655_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moracchini C, Frauger E, Pauly V, Nordmann S, Thirion X, Micallef J. Les CAARUD, lieux privil\u00e9gi\u00e9s d\u2019\u00e9mergence de signaux pour l\u2019addictovigilance. Therapies. 2012 Sept 1;67(5):437\u201345.","DOI":"10.2515\/therapie\/2012064"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14132","volume":"86","author":"F Schifano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schifano F, Napoletano F, Arillotta D, Zangani C, Gilgar L, Guirguis A, et al. The clinical challenges of synthetic cathinones. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;86(3):410.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0196-9","volume":"8","author":"BL Murray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murray BL, Murphy CM, Beuhler MC. Death following recreational use of designer drug bath salts containing 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). J Med Toxicol. 2012;8(1):69.","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000808","volume":"43","author":"N La Maida","year":"2021","unstructured":"La Maida N, Di Trana A, Giorgetti R, Tagliabracci A, Busard\u00f2 FP, Huestis MA. A review of synthetic Cathinone\u2013Related fatalities from 2017 to 2020. Ther Drug Monit. 2021;43(1):52.","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"655_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Rourke CE, Subedi B. Occurrence and mass loading of synthetic opioids, synthetic cathinones, and synthetic cannabinoids in wastewater treatment plants in Four U.S. Communities. Environ Sci Technol. 2020 June 2;54(11):6661\u201370.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c00250"},{"key":"655_CR27","unstructured":"European Union. Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing, Directive. 95\/46\/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) (Text with EEA relevance). OJ L Apr 27, 2016."},{"key":"655_CR28","unstructured":"European Union. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). [cited 2024 Nov 28]. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) \u2013 Legal Text. Available from: https:\/\/gdpr-info.eu\/."},{"key":"655_CR29","unstructured":"Commission Nationale de l\u2019Informatique et des Libert\u00e9s (CNIL). L\u2019anonymisation de donn\u00e9es personnelles [Internet]. [cited 2024 Nov 28]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cnil.fr\/fr\/technologies\/lanonymisation-de-donnees-personnelles."}],"container-title":["Addiction Science &amp; Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13722-026-00655-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13722-026-00655-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13722-026-00655-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T20:54:12Z","timestamp":1781643252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13722-026-00655-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13722-026-00655-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1940-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1940-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in compliance with French and European regulations on data protection [\n                      \n                      ], as well as the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants gave their consent for the use of their data. The data collected were fully anonymous, as the individuals attending the harm reduction center were not required to provide any identifiable personal information during their visits. No names, contact details, or other direct or indirect identifiers were collected. Consequently, the dataset used for this research cannot be traced back to any specific individual, making it impossible to identify individuals. Completely anonymized datasets fall outside the scope of data protection laws [\n                      \n                      ] and do not require specific authorization or declaration to the French Data Protection Authority (CNIL) [\n                      \n                      ]. The study design ensured strict adherence to these principles, guaranteeing the protection of participant privacy. The study protocol was approved by the hospital review board (CEREVI\/2026\/054).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"31"}}