{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T08:06:42Z","timestamp":1776154002060,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Addict Sci Clin Pract"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mobile health units (MHUs) providing medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) have emerged as a critical strategy to address gaps in opioid treatment access, particularly for marginalized populations. Research has yet to explore stakeholder perspectives on MHUs\u2019 implementation, challenges, and long-term sustainability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted semi-structured interviews with 15 stakeholders, including MHU staff, administrators, community partners, and policymakers. Interviews explored experiences with the MHU, barriers and facilitators to patient engagement, and operational challenges. Data were transcribed, coded, and analyzed using a template thematic approach to identify key themes related to implementation and sustainability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stakeholders endorsed the MHU as a highly accessible and flexible intervention that reduces barriers for people experiencing homelessness, economic instability, and transportation limitations. The MHU facilitated strong patient-provider relationships and access to harm reduction, primary care, and social services. Challenges included staffing shortages, inconsistent funding, limited clinical space, and environmental barriers. Additionally, stigma, political resistance, and law enforcement interactions affected service delivery and patient engagement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings highlight the importance of policy and funding mechanisms to ensure the long-term viability of MHUs. Stakeholders recommended expanding outreach, increasing staffing, and integrating additional services. Addressing these challenges is essential to sustaining MHUs as an effective public health intervention for opioid use disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-026-00664-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T09:17:07Z","timestamp":1775899027000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A lifeline on wheels: perspectives of stakeholders on the implementation and impact of a mobile medications for opioid use disorder unit"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Augustine","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amelia","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Hurley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosemarie","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"664_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108483","volume":"129","author":"B Chan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chan B, Hoffman KA, Bougatsos C, Grusing S, Chou R, McCarty D. Mobile methadone medication units: a brief history, scoping review and research opportunity. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2021;129:108483.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"664_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/20479700.2015.1101915","volume":"9","author":"AB Khanna","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khanna AB, Narula SA. Mobile health units: Mobilizing healthcare to reach unreachable. Int J Healthc Manag. 2016;9(1):58\u201366.","journal-title":"Int J Healthc Manag"},{"key":"664_CR3","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the. Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. Implementation of mobile medication units: early experiences and lessons learned. 2024."},{"key":"664_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bailey A, DaCunha A, Napoleon SC, Kang AW, Kemo M, Martin RA. Provision of medications to treat opioid use disorder via a mobile health unit: a scoping review. J Subst Use Addict Treat. 2024:209431.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2024.209431"},{"key":"664_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-017-0671-2","volume":"16","author":"SW Yu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yu SW, Hill C, Ricks ML, Bennet J, Oriol NE. The scope and impact of mobile health clinics in the United States: a literature review. Int J Equity Health. 2017;16:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"664_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2024.209428","volume":"164","author":"MT Davis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Davis MT, Tschampl C, Hodgkin D, et al. Mobile clinics for opioid use disorders: What they do and how they do it. A qualitative analysis. J Subst use Addict Treat. 2024;164:209428.","journal-title":"J Subst use Addict Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"664_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-00946-7","volume":"21","author":"B Seo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seo B, Rider N, Rioux W, et al. Understanding the barriers and facilitators to implementing and sustaining Mobile Overdose Response Services from the perspective of Canadian key interest groups: a qualitative study. Harm Reduct J. 2024;21(1):28.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"664_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108504","volume":"132","author":"BH Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han BH, Doran KM, Krawczyk N. National trends in substance use treatment admissions for opioid use disorder among adults experiencing homelessness. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2022;132:108504.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"664_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.11.024","volume":"195","author":"VA Pear","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pear VA, Ponicki WR, Gaidus A, et al. Urban-rural variation in the socioeconomic determinants of opioid overdose. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;195:66\u201373.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1suppl","key":"664_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549211012407","volume":"136","author":"L Lasher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lasher L, Hallowell BD, Chambers LC, et al. Using timely overdose data to address a spike in nonfatal overdoses and inform a coordinated community-level response in Rhode Island, 2019. Public Health Rep. 2021;136(1suppl):S24\u201330.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"664_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-010-0327-7","volume":"38","author":"GA Aarons","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aarons GA, Hurlburt M, Horwitz SM. Advancing a conceptual model of evidence-based practice implementation in public service sectors. Adm Policy Ment Health Jan. 2011;38(1):4\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10488-010-0327-7.","journal-title":"Adm Policy Ment Health Jan"},{"key":"664_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-018-0842-6","volume":"14","author":"JC Moullin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moullin JC, Dickson KS, Stadnick NA, Rabin B, Aarons GA. Systematic review of the exploration, preparation, implementation, sustainment (EPIS) framework. Implement Sci. 2019;14:1\u201316.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"664_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa.","journal-title":"Qualitative Res Psychol"},{"key":"664_CR14","unstructured":"QSR International Pty Ltd. NVivo (Version 12). 2018."},{"issue":"12","key":"664_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21121623","volume":"21","author":"T Medellin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Medellin T, Moczygemba LR, Thurman W. A Qualitative Study to Describe the Nature and Scope of Street Medicine Programs in the United States. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024;21(12):1623.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"664_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e210477","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.0477","volume":"4","author":"DR Fine","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fine DR, Lewis E, Weinstock K, Wright J, Gaeta JM, Baggett TP. Office-based addiction treatment retention and mortality among people experiencing homelessness. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(3):e210477\u2013210477.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"664_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263348952311528","DOI":"10.1177\/26334895231152808","volume":"4","author":"RM Cloutier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cloutier RM, Cole ES, McDonough BL, et al. Strategies to recruit rural primary care providers to implement a medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) focused integrated care model. Implement Res Pract. 2023;4:26334895231152808.","journal-title":"Implement Res Pract"},{"key":"664_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris RA, Campbell K, Calderbank T, et al. Integrating peer support services into primary care-based OUD treatment: lessons from the Penn integrated model. Elsevier; 2022. p. 100641.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hjdsi.2022.100641"},{"issue":"2","key":"664_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12417","DOI":"10.1002\/emp2.12417","volume":"2","author":"JR Langabeer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Langabeer JR, Champagne-Langabeer T, Yatsco AJ, et al. Feasibility and outcomes from an integrated bridge treatment program for opioid use disorder. JACEP Open. 2021;2(2):e12417.","journal-title":"JACEP Open"},{"key":"664_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108563","volume":"221","author":"L Leza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leza L, Siria S, L\u00f3pez-Go\u00f1i JJ, Fernandez-Montalvo J. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and substance use disorder (SUD): A scoping review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;221:108563.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"664_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.04.012","volume":"188","author":"A Chatterjee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chatterjee A, Yu EJ, Tishberg L. Exploring opioid use disorder, its impact, and treatment among individuals experiencing homelessness as part of a family. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;188:161\u20138.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"664_CR22","first-page":"4","volume":"9","author":"D Waite","year":"2018","unstructured":"Waite D, Greiner MV, Laris Z. Putting Families First: How the Opioid Epidemic Is Affecting Children and Families, and the Child Welfare Policy Options to Address It. J Appl Res Child. 2018;9(1):4.","journal-title":"J Appl Res Child"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"664_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1080\/15548732.2017.1355866","volume":"11","author":"C Morton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morton C, Wells M. Behavioral and substance use outcomes for older youth living with a parental opioid misuse: A literature review to inform child welfare practice and policy. J Public Child Welf. 2017;11(4\u20135):546\u201367.","journal-title":"J Public Child Welf"},{"key":"664_CR24","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences E, Medicine. Medications for opioid use disorder save lives. National Academies; 2019. p. 174."},{"key":"664_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209270","volume":"159","author":"K McLean","year":"2024","unstructured":"McLean K, Murphy J, Kruis N. I think we\u2019re getting better but we\u2019re still not there: Provider-based stigma and perceived barriers to care for people who use opioids (PWUO). J Subst Use Addict Treat. 2024;159:209270.","journal-title":"J Subst Use Addict Treat"},{"issue":"3","key":"664_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00935.x","volume":"100","author":"PS Meier","year":"2005","unstructured":"Meier PS, Barrowclough C, Donmall MC. The role of the therapeutic alliance in the treatment of substance misuse: a critical review of the literature. Addiction. 2005;100(3):304\u201316.","journal-title":"Addiction"}],"container-title":["Addiction Science &amp; Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13722-026-00664-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13722-026-00664-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13722-026-00664-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T07:31:00Z","timestamp":1776151860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13722-026-00664-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13722-026-00664-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1940-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1940-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"37"}}