{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T01:07:24Z","timestamp":1788916044882,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":82,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Addict Sci Clin Pract"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sleep disturbances are sometimes reported in clinical settings among individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). Although numerous studies have explored this issue, a systematic assessment of the prevalence of these disturbances is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched for trials reporting the prevalence of sleep disturbances in patients with OUD receiving MMT. Studies assessing sleep-related symptoms using a standardized scale were included in a prevalence meta-analysis. All other studies were synthesized narratively and in tabular form.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-eight articles were included. Thirteen studies assessed the prevalence of poor sleep quality using a Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score\u2009&gt;\u20095. Given the high level of heterogeneity among included studies, a prediction interval was calculated, suggesting that the prevalence of poor sleepers in future trials will likely range from 50% to 93%. The weighted prevalence estimate of poor sleepers was 75% (95% CI [61\u201385%], \u03c4\u00b2 = 1.34). Sensitivity analyses were performed to investigate heterogeneity among the included studies. Eight of the thirteen studies were rated as having low risk of bias, and the certainty of evidence was found to be moderate. In the narrative synthesis, the reported prevalence of daytime sleepiness ranged from 15% to 50%. In studies using polysomnography or nocturnal polygraphy, patients exhibited significantly reduced sleep efficiency and a high prevalence of sleep apnea syndrome, ranging from 39.1% to 78.3%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings indicate that patients receiving MMT often experience poor sleep quality, highlighting the need for systematic attention to sleep issues while taking into account psychosocial vulnerability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42025649687.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-026-00690-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T11:06:22Z","timestamp":1781867182000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of sleep-related symptoms in patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Domitille","family":"Palix","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Petit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Trojak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7694-6618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Demina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"22","key":"690_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1402780","volume":"370","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2014","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Frieden TR, Hyde PS, Cha SS. Medication-assisted therapies\u2013tackling the opioid-overdose epidemic. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(22):2063\u20136.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"690_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.648","volume":"300","author":"HD Kleber","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kleber HD. Methadone maintenance 4 decades later: thousands of lives saved but still controversial. JAMA. 2008;300(19):2303\u20135.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10182","key":"690_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)33078-2","volume":"393","author":"C Blanco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blanco C, Volkow ND. Management of opioid use disorder in the USA: present status and future directions. Lancet. 2019;393(10182):1760\u201372.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"690_CR4","first-page":"CD002209","volume":"2009","author":"RP Mattick","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mattick RP, Breen C, Kimber J, Davoli M. Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;2009(3):CD002209.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"690_CR5","first-page":"CD002207","volume":"2014","author":"RP Mattick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mattick RP, Breen C, Kimber J, Davoli M. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(2):CD002207.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"690_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.05.021","volume":"84","author":"AK Wilkerson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilkerson AK, McRae-Clark AL. A review of sleep disturbance in adults prescribed medications for opioid use disorder: potential treatment targets for a highly prevalent, chronic problem. Sleep Med. 2021;84:142\u201353.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"690_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12424","volume":"25","author":"S Hassamal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hassamal S, Miotto K, Wang T, Saxon AJ. A narrative review: The effects of opioids on sleep disordered breathing in chronic pain patients and methadone maintained patients. Am J Addict. 2016;25(6):452\u201365.","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"issue":"1","key":"690_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26742","volume":"3","author":"JE Dimsdale","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dimsdale JE, Norman D, DeJardin D, Wallace MS. The effect of opioids on sleep architecture. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007;3(1):33\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"690_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116713","volume":"411","author":"WB Reid-Varley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reid-Varley WB, Ponce Martinez C, Khurshid KA. Sleep disorders and disrupted sleep in addiction, withdrawal and abstinence with focus on alcohol and opioids. J Neurol Sci. 2020;411:116713.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"690_CR10","unstructured":"Palix D, Demina A, Petit B, Trojak B. Prevalence of sleep-related symptoms in opioid-dependent patients under methadone maintenance therapy [Internet]. PROSPERO; Available from: https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD42025649687."},{"key":"690_CR11","unstructured":"Corporation for Digital Scholarship. Zotero [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.zotero.org\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"690_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","volume":"5","author":"M Ouzzani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):210.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"690_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J Stat Softw. 2010 [cited 2025 Mar 12];36(3). Available from: http:\/\/www.jstatsoft.org\/v36\/i03\/.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03"},{"issue":"4","key":"690_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117","volume":"22","author":"S Balduzzi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balduzzi S, R\u00fccker G, Schwarzer G. How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial. Evid Based Mental Health. 2019;22(4):153\u201360.","journal-title":"Evid Based Mental Health"},{"key":"690_CR15","unstructured":"Joanna Briggs Institute. Checklist for prevalence studies: critical appraisal tools for use in JBI systematic reviews [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/jbi.global\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-08\/Checklist_for_Prevalence_Studies.pdf."},{"key":"690_CR16","unstructured":"McMaster University and Evidence Prime. GRADEpro GDT: GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/gradepro.org."},{"issue":"5","key":"690_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.3109\/10826088109038903","volume":"16","author":"J Langrod","year":"1981","unstructured":"Langrod J, Lowinson J, Ruiz P. Methadone treatment and physical complaints: A clinical analysis. INT J ADDICT. 1981;16(5):947\u201352.","journal-title":"INT J ADDICT"},{"issue":"3","key":"690_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(03)00191-0","volume":"26","author":"MD Stein","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stein MD, Herman DS, Bishop S, Lassor JA, Weinstock M, Anthony J, et al. Sleep disturbances among methadone maintained patients. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2004;26(3):175\u201380.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"690_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.07.016","volume":"76","author":"KE Dunn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dunn KE, Finan PH, Andrew Tompkins D, Strain EC. Frequency and correlates of sleep disturbance in methadone and buprenorphine-maintained patients. Addict Behav. 2018;76:8\u201314.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"690_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-020-02123-z","volume":"24","author":"SR Baldassarri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baldassarri SR, Beitel M, Zinchuk A, Redeker NS, Oberleitner DE, Oberleitner LMS, et al. Correlates of sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness in people with opioid use disorder receiving methadone treatment. Sleep Breath. 2020;24(4):1729\u201337.","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"issue":"2","key":"690_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9676","volume":"18","author":"JD Ellis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ellis JD, Mayo JL, Gamaldo CE, Finan PH, Huhn AS. Worsening sleep quality across the lifespan and persistent sleep disturbances in persons with opioid use disorder. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(2):587\u201395.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"690_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000808","volume":"16","author":"BH Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han BH, Cotton BP, Polydorou S, Sherman SE, Ferris R, Arcila-Mesa M, et al. Geriatric Conditions among Middle-aged and Older Adults on Methadone Maintenance Treatment: A Pilot Study. J Addict Med. 2022;16(1):110\u20133.","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"690_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2023.0790","volume":"19","author":"PF Tsai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tsai PF, Oliveto AH, Landes RD, Mancino MJ. Characteristics of patients undergoing medication-assisted -treatment for opioid use disorder and their interest in Tai Chi practice. J Opioid Manag. 2023;19(4):329\u201341.","journal-title":"J Opioid Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"690_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2023.09.004","volume":"10","author":"U Nwanaji-Enwerem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nwanaji-Enwerem U, Sadler LS, O\u2019Connell M, Barry D, Knobf TM, Jeon S, et al. It\u2019s all connected: A mixed methods study of insomnia, stigma, and discrimination among individuals on medication for opioid use disorder. Sleep Health. 2024;10(1):31\u201340.","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"690_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/01.adt.0000145126.17405.6a","volume":"4","author":"M Lofwall","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lofwall M, Stitzer M, Bigelow G, Strain E. Comparative safety and side effect profiles of buprenorphine and methadone in the outpatient treatment of opioid dependence. Addict disorders their Treat. 2005;4(2):49\u201364.","journal-title":"Addict disorders their Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"690_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1083818","volume":"42","author":"J Wolstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wolstein J, Gastpar M, Finkbeiner T, Heinrich C, Heitkamp R, Poehlke T, et al. A randomized, open-label trial comparing methadone and Levo-Alpha- Acetylmethadol (LAAM) in maintenance treatment of opioid addiction. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2009;42(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"690_CR27","first-page":"1","volume":"106","author":"N Nkire","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nkire N, Ekwegbalu U, Iro C, O\u2019Connor J. Subjective sleep complaints in patients attending a substance use disorder clinic. Ir Med J. 2013;106(1):1.","journal-title":"Ir Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"690_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2014.05.012","volume":"47","author":"R H\u00e4mmig","year":"2014","unstructured":"H\u00e4mmig R, K\u00f6hler W, Bonorden-Kleij K, Weber B, Lebentrau K, Berthel T, et al. Safety and tolerability of slow-release oral morphine versus methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2014;47(4):275\u201381.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"7","key":"690_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4202-4","volume":"233","author":"S Nordmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nordmann S, Lions C, Vilotitch A, Michel L, Mora M, Spire B, et al. A prospective, longitudinal study of sleep disturbance and comorbidity in opiate dependence (the ANRS Methaville study). Psychopharmacology. 2016;233(7):1203\u201313.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"690_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.06.024","volume":"243","author":"C Roncero","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roncero C, Barral C, Rodr\u00edguez-Cintas L, P\u00e9rez-Pazos J, Martinez-Luna N, Casas M, et al. Psychiatric comorbidities in opioid-dependent patients undergoing a replacement therapy programme in Spain: The PROTEUS study. Psychiatry Res. 2016;243:174\u201381.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"690_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3817","DOI":"10.5272\/jimab.2021272.3817","volume":"27","author":"C Madjova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Madjova C, Chokanov S, Milkov M. Correlation between sleep apnea and methadone therapy. J IMAB Ann Proc. 2021;27(2):3817\u201322.","journal-title":"J IMAB Ann Proc"},{"issue":"24","key":"690_CR32","first-page":"00195","volume":"S0013\u20137006","author":"C Guillet","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guillet C, Endomba FT, Aravantinos D, Hussami A, Beye F, Girod JC, et al. Sleep apnea syndrome in patients with methadone or buprenorphine. Encephale. 2024;S0013\u20137006(24):00195\u20137.","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"issue":"2","key":"690_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.08.011","volume":"82","author":"E Peles","year":"2006","unstructured":"Peles E, Schreiber S, Adelson M. Variables associated with perceived sleep disorders in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006;82(2):103\u201310.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"690_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e3181e8b6c4","volume":"5","author":"E Peles","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peles E, Schreiber S, Hamburger RB, Adelson M. No change of sleep after 6 and 12 months of methadone maintenance treatment. J Addict Med. 2011;5(2):141\u20137.","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"690_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2014.897003","volume":"15","author":"E Peles","year":"2014","unstructured":"Peles E, Schreiber S, Domany Y, Sason A, Tene O, Adelson M. Achievement of take-home dose privileges is associated with better-perceived sleep and with cognitive status among methadone maintenance treatment patients. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2014;15(8):620\u20138.","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"690_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12268","volume":"124","author":"JV Enguelberg-Gabbay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Enguelberg-Gabbay JV, Schapir L, Israeli Y, Hermesh H, Weizman A, Winocur E. Methadone treatment, bruxism, and temporomandibular disorders among male prisoners. Eur J Oral Sci. 2016;124(3):266\u201371.","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"690_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2017.1289224","volume":"52","author":"E Peles","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peles E, Hacohen S, Sason A, Lamberg S, Schrieber S, Adelson M. Is a History of Sexual Abuse Related to Poor Sleep Among Former Opioid-Addicted Women With and Without Methadone Maintenance Treatment? Subst Use Misuse. 2017;52(11):1478\u201385.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"690_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113526","volume":"294","author":"O Elkana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elkana O, Adelson M, Sason A, Doniger GM, Peles E. Improvement in Cognitive Performance after One Year of Methadone Maintenance Treatment. Psychiatry Res. 2020;294:113526.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"690_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.9633954.x","volume":"96","author":"H Teichtahl","year":"2001","unstructured":"Teichtahl H, Prodromidis A, Miller B, Cherry G, Kronborg I. Sleep-disordered breathing in stable methadone programme patients: a pilot study. Addiction. 2001;96(3):395\u2013403.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"6","key":"690_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27350","volume":"4","author":"D Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang D, Teichtahl H, Goodman C, Drummer O, Grunstein RR, Kronborg I. Subjective daytime sleepiness and daytime function in patients on stable methadone maintenance treatment: possible mechanisms. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4(6):557\u201362.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"690_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A251","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.3.251","volume":"34","author":"H Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee H, Chen C, Wang S. Sleep disturbances among former heroin addicts with and without methadone maintenance treatment: A case-control study. Sleep. 2011;34:A251.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"690_CR42","first-page":"5","volume":"5","author":"Z Cernovsky","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cernovsky Z, Sadek G, Chiu S. Sleep of methadonepatients and their urine screening tests. CJAM Can J Addict Med. 2014;5(1):5\u20136.","journal-title":"CJAM Can J Addict Med"},{"key":"690_CR43","unstructured":"Maur\u00edcio J, Melo V, Santos Silva A. Sleep quality in methadone maintenance treatment patients. J Sleep Res [Internet]. 2022;31. Available from: https:\/\/www.embase.com\/search\/results?subaction=viewrecord&id=L639480832&from=export."},{"key":"690_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun J, Lu Y, Kong D, Lin W, Du J, Wang G et al. Cerebral blood flow in the paracentral lobule is associated with poor subjective sleep quality among patients with a history of methadone maintenance treatment. Front Neurol [Internet]. 2024 [cited 8AD Jan 1];15. Available from: https:\/\/ezproxy.u-paris.fr\/login?url=https:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2025-18021-001&=fr&site=ehost-live.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1400810"},{"issue":"4","key":"690_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00335.x","volume":"98","author":"RP Mattick","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mattick RP, Ali R, White JM, O\u2019Brien S, Wolk S, Danz C. Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance therapy: A randomized double-blind trial with 405 opioid-dependent patients. Addiction. 2003;98(4):441\u201352.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"6","key":"690_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5215.2011.00628.x","volume":"24","author":"WY Hsu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hsu WY, Chiu NY, Liu JT, Wang CH, Chang TG, Liao YC, et al. Sleep quality in heroin addicts under methadone maintenance treatment. Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 2012;24(6):356\u201360.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatrica"},{"issue":"10","key":"690_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2012.02.002","volume":"22","author":"SC Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang SC, Tsou HH, Chen CH, Chen YT, Ho IK, Hsiao CF, et al. Genetic polymorphisms in the opioid receptor mu1 gene are associated with changes in libido and insomnia in methadone maintenance patients. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012;22(10):695\u2013703.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"690_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-016-0044-3","volume":"5","author":"Z Zahari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zahari Z, Lee CS, Ibrahim MA, Musa N, Mohd Yasin MA, Lee YY, et al. The AC\/AG Diplotype for the 118A\u2009>\u2009G and IVS2\u2009+\u2009691G\u2009>\u2009C Polymorphisms of OPRM1 Gene is Associated with Sleep Quality Among Opioid-Dependent Patients on Methadone Maintenance Therapy. Pain Ther. 2016;5(1):43\u201354.","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"690_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S177370","volume":"14","author":"DJ Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li DJ, Chung KS, Wu HC, Hsu CY, Yen CF. Predictors of sleep disturbance in heroin users receiving methadone maintenance therapy: a naturalistic study in Taiwan. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2018;14:2853\u20139.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"10","key":"690_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2018.1552298","volume":"54","author":"R Hallinan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hallinan R, Elsayed M, Espinoza D, Veillard AS, Morley KC, Lintzeris N, et al. Insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness in women and men receiving methadone and buprenorphine maintenance treatment. Subst Use Misuse. 2019;54(10):1589\u201398.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"690_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le TA, Dang AD, Tran AHT, Nguyen LH, Nguyen THT, Phan HT, et al. Factors associated with sleep disorders among methadone-maintained drug users in Vietnam. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(22).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224315"},{"key":"690_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S202813","volume":"15","author":"BL Zhong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhong BL, Xu YM, Xie WX, Lu J. Frequent nightmares in Chinese patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy: prevalence, correlates, and their association with functional impairment. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019;15:2063\u201372.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"4","key":"690_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/14659891.2020.1723724","volume":"25","author":"M Chinichian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chinichian M, Alemohammad ZB. Sleep quality in prisoners with substance use disorder (SUD) in Iran\u2014A cross-sectional study. J Subst Use. 2020;25(4):412\u20135.","journal-title":"J Subst Use"},{"issue":"3","key":"690_CR54","first-page":"176","volume":"13","author":"A Talaei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Talaei A, Afzaljavan F, Niroumand S, Nejati R. Prevalence of Respiratory Disorders during Sleep among Subjects of Methadone Maintenance Therapy Program. Addict Health. 2021;13(3):176\u201384.","journal-title":"Addict Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"690_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","volume":"28","author":"DJ Buysse","year":"1989","unstructured":"Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28(2):193\u2013213.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"690_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540","volume":"14","author":"MW Johns","year":"1991","unstructured":"Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: The Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep: J Sleep Res Sleep Med. 1991;14(6):540\u20135.","journal-title":"Sleep: J Sleep Res Sleep Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"690_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1547","volume":"13","author":"CB Migliavaca","year":"2022","unstructured":"Migliavaca CB, Stein C, Colpani V, Barker TH, Ziegelmann PK, Munn Z, et al. Meta-analysis of prevalence: I2 statistic and how to deal with heterogeneity. Res Synth Methods. 2022;13(3):363\u20137.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"690_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(00)00065-4","volume":"2","author":"CH Bastien","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bastien CH, Valli\u00e8res A, Morin CM. Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med. 2001;2(4):297\u2013307.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"690_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S656","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(09)71058-2","volume":"19","author":"KR Stoychev","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stoychev KR, Ivanov KM, Alexandrova MG, Stoychev RD, Tumbev LZ, Kirov DK. P6.c.012 Efficacy of melatonin in methadone maintained patients with insomnia: results from an open comparison study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009;19:S656\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"690_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02007.x","volume":"102","author":"E Peles","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peles E, Hetzroni T, Bar-Hamburger R, Adelson M, Schreiber S. Melatonin for perceived sleep disturbances associated with benzodiazepine withdrawal among patients in methadone maintenance treatment: a double\u2010blind randomized clinical trial. Addiction. 2007;102(12):1947\u201353.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"690_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-019-0198-1","volume":"14","author":"A Khalatbari-mohseni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khalatbari-mohseni A, Banafshe HR, Mirhosseini N, Asemi Z, Ghaderi A, Omidi A. The effects of crocin on psychological parameters in patients under methadone maintenance treatment: a randomized clinical trial. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2019;14(1):9.","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"690_CR62","first-page":"1","volume":"2015","author":"YY Chan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chan YY, Chen YH, Yang SN, Lo WY, Lin JG. Clinical Efficacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suan Zao Ren Tang, for Sleep Disturbance during Methadone Maintenance: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med. 2015;2015:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"690_CR63","first-page":"396","volume":"40","author":"R Soleimani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Soleimani R, Modabbernia MJ, Habibi S, Roudsary MH, Elahi M. The effect of cognitive behavior therapy in insomnia due to methadone maintenance therapy: A randomized clinical trial. Iran J Med Sci. 2015;40(5):396\u2013403.","journal-title":"Iran J Med Sci"},{"key":"690_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bimorgh MS, Omidi A, Ghoreishi FS, Ardani AR, Ghaderi A, Banafshe HR. Exploring the therapeutic effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on sleep quality among patients under methadone maintenance treatment. Int J Med Toxicol Forensic Med [Internet]. 2020;10(2). Available from: https:\/\/www.embase.com\/search\/results?subaction=viewrecord&id=L632938069&from=export.","DOI":"10.32598\/ijmtfm.v10i2.29088"}],"container-title":["Addiction Science &amp; Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13722-026-00690-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13722-026-00690-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13722-026-00690-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T01:03:08Z","timestamp":1788915788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13722-026-00690-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["690"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13722-026-00690-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1940-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1940-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"65"}}