{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:45:14Z","timestamp":1789692314884,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Perioper Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although current guidelines make consensus recommendations for the early resumption of oral intake after surgery, a recent comprehensive meta-analysis failed to identify any patient-centered benefits. We hypothesized this finding was attributable to pooling studies providing effective protein-containing diets with ineffective non-protein liquid diets. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to investigate the safety and efficacy of\n                      <jats:italic>early oral protein<\/jats:italic>\n                      -\n                      <jats:italic>containing diets<\/jats:italic>\n                      versus later (traditional) feeding after elective lower gastrointestinal tract surgery in adults.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, Embase, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched from inception until 1 August 2019. Reference lists of retrieved studies were hand searched to identify randomized clinical trials reporting mortality. No language restrictions were applied. Study selection, risk of bias appraisal and data abstraction were undertaken independently by two authors. Disagreements were settled by obtaining an opinion of a third author. Majority decisions prevailed. After assessment of underlying assumptions, a fixed-effects method was used for analysis. The primary outcome was mortality. Secondary outcomes included surgical site infections, postoperative nausea and vomiting, serious postoperative complications and other key measures of safety and efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eight randomized clinical trials recruiting 657 patients were included. Compared with later (traditional) feeding, commencing an early oral protein-containing diet resulted in a statistically significant reduction in mortality (odds ratio [OR] 0.31,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0%). An early oral protein-containing diet also significantly reduced surgical site infections (OR 0.39,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 32%), postoperative nausea and vomiting (OR 0.62,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 37%), serious postoperative complications (OR 0.60,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.01,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 25%), and significantly improved other major outcomes. No harms attributable to an early oral protein-containing diet were identified.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results of this systematic review can be used to upgrade current guideline statements to a\n                      <jats:italic>grade A recommendation<\/jats:italic>\n                      supporting an\n                      <jats:italic>oral protein<\/jats:italic>\n                      -\n                      <jats:italic>containing diet<\/jats:italic>\n                      commenced before the end of postoperative day 1 after elective lower gastrointestinal surgery in adults.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13741-021-00179-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T20:07:20Z","timestamp":1616443640000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Early oral protein-containing diets following elective lower gastrointestinal tract surgery in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Pu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippa T.","family":"Heighes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeping","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Wischmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Hugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon S.","family":"Doig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"179_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000001691","volume":"264","author":"W Alazawi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alazawi W, Pirmadjid N, Lahiri R, Bhattacharya S. Inflammatory and immune responses to surgery and their clinical impact. Ann Surg. 2016;264(1):73\u201380.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"179_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(99)70209-6","volume":"125","author":"R Anup","year":"1999","unstructured":"Anup R, Aparna V, Pulimood A, Balasubramanian KA. Surgical stress and the small intestine: role of oxygen free radicals. Surgery. 1999;125(5):560\u20139.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"179_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.39.6.833","volume":"39","author":"R Beier-Holgersen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Beier-Holgersen R, Boesby S. Influence of postoperative enteral nutrition on postsurgical infections. Gut. 1996;39(6):833\u20135.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"179_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2528","volume":"26","author":"MJ Bradburn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bradburn MJ, Deeks JJ, Berlin JA, Russell LA. Much ado about nothing: a comparison of the performance of meta-analytical methods with rare events. Stat Med. 2007;26(1):53\u201377.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"179_CR5","first-page":"42","volume":"9","author":"A Cao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cao A. Application of early intestinal nutrition after colon and rectal cancer. Today Nurse. 2009;9:42\u20133.","journal-title":"Today Nurse"},{"key":"179_CR6","first-page":"1","volume":"25","author":"Y Cao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cao Y, Liu S, Liu K, Abbasi IHR, Cai C, Yao J. Molecular mechanisms relating to amino acid regulation of protein synthesis. Nutr Res Rev. 2019;25:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"issue":"7035","key":"179_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7035.869","volume":"312","author":"CS Carr","year":"1996","unstructured":"Carr CS, Ling KDE, Boulos P, Singer M. Randomised trial of safety and efficacy of immediate postoperative enteral feeding in patients undergoing gastrointestinal resection. BMJ. 1996;312(7035):869\u201371.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"179_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201003-0326OC","volume":"182","author":"JE Carre","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carre JE, Orban JC, Re L, et al. Survival in critical illness is associated with early activation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(6):745\u201351.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"179_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3329\/bjms.v11i4.12597","volume":"11","author":"S Chatterjee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chatterjee S, Bala SK, Chakraborty P, et al. A comparative study between early enteral feeding (within 24 hours) versus conventional enteral feeding after enteric anastomosis. Bangl J Med Sci. 2012;11(4):273\u201383.","journal-title":"Bangl J Med Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"179_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-010-1089-0","volume":"26","author":"LM da Fonseca","year":"2011","unstructured":"da Fonseca LM, Profeta da Luz MM, Lacerda-Filho A, Correia MI, da SR G. A simplified rehabilitation program for patients undergoing elective colonic surgery--randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2011;26(5):609\u201316.","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"179_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v6.i2.14","volume":"6","author":"F Daams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Daams F, Wu Z, Lahaye MJ, Jeekel J, Lange JF. Prediction and diagnosis of colorectal anastomotic leakage: a systematic review of literature. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2014;6(2):14\u201326.","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"179_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322011001200001","volume":"66","author":"A Dag","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dag A, Colak T, Turkmenoglu O, Gundogdu R, Aydin S. A randomized controlled trial evaluating early versus traditional oral feeding after colorectal surgery. Clinics. 2011;66(12):2001\u20135.","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"issue":"12","key":"179_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.04.068","volume":"580","author":"SG Dann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dann SG, Thomas G. The amino acid sensitive TOR pathway from yeast to mammals. FEBS Lett. 2006;580(12):2821\u20139.","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"179_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2010.06.008","volume":"42","author":"GS Doig","year":"2011","unstructured":"Doig GS, Heighes PT, Simpson F, Sweetman EA. Early enteral nutrition reduces mortality in trauma patients requiring intensive care: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Injury. 2011;42(1):50\u20136.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"3","key":"179_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2009.03.003","volume":"7","author":"NA El","year":"2009","unstructured":"El NA, Fikry A, El MT, et al. Early oral feeding in patients undergoing elective colonic anastomosis. Int J Surg. 2009;7(3):206\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"179_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-1433.2004.02985.x","volume":"74","author":"CV Feo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Feo CV, Romanini B, Sortini D, et al. Early oral feeding after colorectal resection: a randomized controlled study. ANZ J Surg. 2004;74(5):298\u2013301.","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"179_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1183","volume":"21","author":"PP Glasziou","year":"2002","unstructured":"Glasziou PP, Sanders SL. Investigating causes of heterogeneity in systematic reviews. Stat Med. 2002;21(11):1503\u201311.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"179_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200202000-00032","volume":"30","author":"J Graf","year":"2002","unstructured":"Graf J, Doig GS, Cook DJ, Vincent JL, Sibbald WJ. Randomized, controlled clinical trials in sepsis: has methodological quality improved over time? Crit Care Med. 2002;30(2):461\u201372.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"179_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-016-3460-y","volume":"40","author":"UO Gustafsson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gustafsson UO, Oppelstrup H, Thorell A, Nygren J, Ljungqvist O. Adherence to the ERAS protocol is associated with 5-year survival after colorectal cancer surgery: a retrospective cohort study. World J Surg. 2016;40(7):1741\u20137.","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"179_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1997.01430290064011","volume":"132","author":"PA Hartsell","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hartsell PA, Frazee RC, Harrison JB, Smith RW. Early postoperative feeding after elective colorectal surgery. Arch Surg. 1997;132(5):518\u201320.","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"179_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1031920","volume":"172","author":"R Hatala","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hatala R, Keitz S, Wyer P, Guyatt G. Tips for learners of evidence-based medicine: 4. Assessing heterogeneity of primary studies in systematic reviews and whether to combine their results. CMAJ. 2005;172(5):661\u20135.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"179_CR22","first-page":"CD004080","volume":"7","author":"G Herbert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Herbert G, Perry R, Andersen HK, et al. Early enteral nutrition within 24 hours of lower gastrointestinal surgery versus later commencement for length of hospital stay and postoperative complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;7:CD004080.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"179_CR23","unstructured":"Higgins JP and Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 5.1.0: The Cochrane Collaboration; 2011. Available from https:\/\/handbook-5-1.cochrane.org\/0_2_how_to_cite_the_handbook.htm."},{"issue":"11","key":"179_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","volume":"21","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21(11):1539\u201358.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"179_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c100052","volume":"1","author":"JO Holloszy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holloszy JO. Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and GLUT4 expression by exercise. Compr Physiol. 2011;1(2):921\u201340.","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"179_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000929","volume":"260","author":"C Lau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lau C, Phillips E, Bresee C, Fleshner P. Early use of low residue diet is superior to clear liquid diet after elective colorectal surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2014;260(4):641\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"179_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/DCR.0b013e3181fcdb3e","volume":"54","author":"TG Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee TG, Kang SB, Kim DW, Hong S, Heo SC, Park KJ. Comparison of early mobilization and diet rehabilitation program with conventional care after laparoscopic colon surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2011;54(1):21\u20138.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"179_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-008-0592-x","volume":"13","author":"SJ Lewis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lewis SJ, Andersen HK, Thomas S. Early enteral nutrition within 24 h of intestinal surgery versus later commencement of feeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2009;13:569\u201375.","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"issue":"7316","key":"179_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7316.773","volume":"323","author":"SJ Lewis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lewis SJ, Egger M, Sylvester PA, Thomas S. Early enteral feeding versus \"nil by mouth\" after gastrointestinal surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. BMJ. 2001;323(7316):773\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"179_CR30","first-page":"26","volume":"21","author":"Y Li","year":"2006","unstructured":"Li Y, Wu X, Luo W, Zhang M, Huang X, Wu L. The study of clinical application of early postoperative enteral nutrition after colorectalectomy. West China Med J. 2006;21(1):26\u20137.","journal-title":"West China Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"179_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2016.4952","volume":"152","author":"O Ljungqvist","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ljungqvist O, Scott M, Fearon KC. Enhanced recovery after surgery: a review. JAMA Surg. 2017;152(3):292\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"179_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5184","volume":"93","author":"J MacFie","year":"2006","unstructured":"MacFie J, Reddy BS, Gatt M, Jain PK, Sowdi R, Mitchell CJ. Bacterial translocation studied in 927 patients over 13 years. Br J Surg. 2006;93(1):87\u201393.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"179_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-009-0444-2","volume":"16","author":"L Minig","year":"2009","unstructured":"Minig L, Biffi R, Zanagnolo V, et al. Early oral versus \"traditional\" postoperative feeding in gynecologic oncology patients undergoing intestinal resection: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16(6):1660\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"179_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2011.10.001","volume":"10","author":"D Moher","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, et al. CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Int J Surg. 2012;10(1):28\u201355.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"179_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"179_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.4161\/15384101.2014.991572","volume":"14","author":"M Morita","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morita M, Gravel SP, Hulea L, et al. mTOR coordinates protein synthesis, mitochondrial activity and proliferation. Cell Cycle. 2015;14(4):473\u201380.","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"issue":"6","key":"179_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607180004006535","volume":"4","author":"G Moss","year":"1980","unstructured":"Moss G, Greenstein A, Levy S, Bierenbaum A. Maintenance of GI function after bowel surgery and immediate enteral full nutrition. I. Doubling of canine colorectal anastomotic bursting pressure and intestinal wound mature collagen content. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1980;4(6):535\u20138.","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"179_CR38","first-page":"9A","volume":"64","author":"LJ Mulrooney","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mulrooney LJ, Bagley JS, Wilkinson JA, Kelty C, Coker AO, Jacog G. Nasojejunal feeding does not improve clinical outcomes and is poorly tolerated following colorectal surgery. Proc Nutrition Soc. 2005;64:9A.","journal-title":"Proc Nutrition Soc"},{"key":"179_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_290_16","volume":"7","author":"B Nematihonar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nematihonar B, Salimi S, Noorian V, Samsami M. Early versus delayed (traditional) postoperative oral feeding in patients undergoing colorectal anastomosis. Adv Biomed Res. 2018;7:30.","journal-title":"Adv Biomed Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"179_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s003840050032","volume":"11","author":"H Ortiz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ortiz H, Armendariz P, Yarnoz C. Is early postoperative feeding feasible in elective colon and rectal surgery? Int J Colorectal Dis. 1996;11(3):119\u201321.","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"179_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607110385698","volume":"35","author":"E Osland","year":"2011","unstructured":"Osland E, Yunus RM, Khan S, Memon MA. Early versus traditional postoperative feeding in patients undergoing resectional gastrointestinal surgery: a meta-analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011;35(4):473\u201387.","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"179_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-014-2489-1","volume":"18","author":"M Pragatheeswarane","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pragatheeswarane M, Muthukumarassamy R, Kadambari D, Kate V. Early oral feeding vs. traditional feeding in patients undergoing elective open bowel surgery-a randomized controlled trial. J Gastrointest Surg. 2014;18(5):1017\u201323.","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"179_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780080407","volume":"8","author":"RL Prentice","year":"1989","unstructured":"Prentice RL. Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials: definition and operational criteria. Stat Med. 1989;8(4):431\u201340.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"179_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003445","volume":"46","author":"H Pu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pu H, Doig GS, Heighes PT, Allingstrup MJ. Early enteral nutrition reduces mortality and improves other key outcomes in patients with major burn injury: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(12):2036\u201342.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"179_CR45","volume-title":"Early post-operative enteral or oral nutrition for patients receiving lower gastrointestinal tract surgery: Methods for a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","author":"H Pu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pu H, Heighes PT, Simpson F, Doig GS. Early post-operative enteral or oral nutrition for patients receiving lower gastrointestinal tract surgery: Methods for a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sydney: EvidenceBased.net; 2019."},{"issue":"4","key":"179_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-009-0419-3","volume":"29","author":"Z Qiao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Qiao Z, Li Z, Li J, Lu L, Lv Y, Li J. Bacterial translocation and change in intestinal permeability in patients after abdominal surgery. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2009;29(4):486\u201391.","journal-title":"J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"179_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2009.10.012","volume":"147","author":"NN Rahbari","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rahbari NN, Weitz J, Hohenberger W, et al. Definition and grading of anastomotic leakage following anterior resection of the rectum: a proposal by the International Study Group of Rectal Cancer. Surgery. 2010;147(3):339\u201351.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"7","key":"179_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2006.01024.x","volume":"8","author":"BS Reddy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reddy BS, Gatt M, Sowdi R, MacFie J. Surgical manipulation of the large intestine increases bacterial translocation in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Colorectal Dis. 2006;8(7):596\u2013600.","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"179_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199507000-00012","volume":"222","author":"P Reissman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Reissman P, Teoh TA, Cohen SM, Weiss EG, Nogueras JJ, Wexner SD. Is early oral feeding safe after elective colorectal surgery? A prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg. 1995;222(1):73\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"21","key":"179_CR50","first-page":"28","volume":"19","author":"H Shen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shen H. Effect of early EN on the improvement of nutrition indexes and recovery of gastrointestinal function of posoperative patients with colon cancer. Qilu Nurs J. 2013;19(21):28\u201330.","journal-title":"Qilu Nurs J"},{"issue":"6","key":"179_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533617711128","volume":"33","author":"BJJ Smeets","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smeets BJJ, Peters EG, Horsten ECJ, et al. Effect of early vs late start of oral intake on anastomotic leakage following elective lower intestinal surgery: a systematic review. Nutr Clin Pract. 2018;33(6):803\u201312.","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"179_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1998.tb04721.x","volume":"68","author":"BT Stewart","year":"1998","unstructured":"Stewart BT, Woods RJ, Collopy BT, Fink RJ, Mackay JR, Keck JO. Early feeding after elective open colorectal resections: a prospective randomized trial. Aust N Z J Surg. 1998;68(2):125\u20138.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"179_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-7256-z","volume":"45","author":"Y Takesue","year":"2002","unstructured":"Takesue Y, Ohge H, Uemura K, et al. Bacterial translocation in patients with Crohn's disease undergoing surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45(12):1665\u201371.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"5","key":"179_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-019-0745-y","volume":"114","author":"TA Vico","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vico TA, Marchini T, Ginart S, et al. Mitochondrial bioenergetics links inflammation and cardiac contractility in endotoxemia. Basic Res Cardiol. 2019;114(5):38\u20130745.","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"179_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3635","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1096","volume":"20","author":"J Villar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Villar J, Mackey ME, Carroli G, Donner A. Meta-analyses in systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials in perinatal medicine: comparison of fixed and random effects models. Stat Med. 2001;20(23):3635\u201347.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"179_CR56","first-page":"735","volume":"16","author":"Z Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang Z, Shong B, Xiang J, Zhou Y, Wang D. Effect of early oral enteral nutrition on clinical outcomes after colorectal cancer surgery. Chin J Gastrointest Surg. 2013;16(8):735\u20138.","journal-title":"Chin J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"179_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2017.07.016","volume":"391","author":"AP West","year":"2017","unstructured":"West AP. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a trigger of innate immune responses and inflammation. Toxicology. 2017;391:54\u201363.","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"6","key":"179_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002743","volume":"126","author":"PE Wischmeyer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wischmeyer PE, Carli F, Evans DC, et al. American Society for Enhanced Recovery and Perioperative Quality Initiative joint consensus statement on nutrition screening and therapy within a surgical enhanced recovery pathway. Anesthesia Analgesia. 2018;126(6):1883\u201395.","journal-title":"Anesthesia Analgesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"179_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.148619","volume":"106","author":"SE Yeung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yeung SE, Hilkewich L, Gillis C, Heine JA, Fenton TR. Protein intakes are associated with reduced length of stay: a comparison between Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) and conventional care after elective colorectal surgery. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(1):44\u201351.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"}],"container-title":["Perioperative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13741-021-00179-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13741-021-00179-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13741-021-00179-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T11:52:38Z","timestamp":1724673158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/perioperativemedicinejournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13741-021-00179-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13741-021-00179-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-29449\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-29449\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2047-0525"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-0525","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics and approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"<i>Drs<\/i>. <i>Pu<\/i>, <i>Heighes<\/i>, <i>Simpson<\/i>, <i>Wang<\/i>, <i>Hugh<\/i>, and <i>Ms<\/i>. <i>Liang<\/i> reported no funding conflicts. <i>Dr. Doig<\/i> reported receiving academic research grants related to nutrition in critical illness from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH, and Baxter Healthcare Pty Ltd and speakers honoraria from Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH; Baxter Healthcare Australia, Pty Ltd; Nestle Healthcare, Vevy, Switzerland; and Nutricia Pharmaceutical (Wuxi) Co., Ltd. China. <i>Dr<\/i>. <i>Wischmeyer<\/i> reported receiving grant funding related to Improving Nutrition Delivery in Acute Illness from the National Institute of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute R34 HL109369; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Baxter; Fresenius; Lyric Pharmaceuticals; Isomark, Inc.; and Medtronics. He served as a consultant on Improving Nutrition Care in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and Perioperative Medicine to Nestle, Abbott, Fresenius, Baxter, Medtronics, Nutricia, and Lyric Pharmaceuticals, and Takeda for research related to this work. He received honoraria or travel expenses for lectures on improving nutrition care in illness from Abbott, Fresenius, and Medtronics.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10"}}