{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:16:38Z","timestamp":1789398998138,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Perioper Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Residual neuromuscular blockade (rNMB) remains a persistent and preventable problem, with serious risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our objective was to describe and assess patterns in the use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs), neuromuscular transmission (NMT) monitoring, and factors associated with the use of sugammadex. We performed a retrospective, observational cohort study based on electronic medical records in a large teaching hospital in the Netherlands that introduced an integrated NMT monitoring module with automatic recording in 2017. A total of 22,000 cases were randomly selected from all surgeries between January 2015 and December 2019 that required endotracheal intubation with the use of an NMBA. A total of 14,592 cases fulfilled all the inclusion criteria for complete analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Relative NMBA usage remained the same over time. For rocuronium, spontaneous reversal decreased from 86 to 81%, sugammadex reversal increased from 12 to 18%. There was a decline in patients extubated in the operating room (OR) with neither documented NMT monitoring nor sugammadex-mediated reversal from 46 to 31%. The percentage of patients extubated in the OR without a documented train-of-four ratio \u2265 0.9, decreased from 77 to 56%. Several factors were independently associated with the use of sugammadex, including BMI &gt; 30 kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (odds ratio: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.24\u20131.60), ASA class 3 or 4 (1.20; 1.07\u20131.34), age &gt; 60 years (1.37; 1.23\u20131.53), duration of surgery &lt; 120 min (3.01; 2.68\u20133.38), emergency surgery (1.83; 1.60\u20132.09), laparoscopic surgery (2.01; 1.71\u20132.36), open abdominal\/thoracic surgery (1.56; 1.38\u20131.78), NMT monitoring used (5.31; 4.63\u20136.08), total dose of rocuronium (1.99; 1.76\u20132.25), and (inversely) use of inhalational anaesthetics (0.88; 0.79\u20130.99).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data demonstrate that the implementation of NMT monitoring with automatic recording coincides with a gradual increase in the (documented) use of NMT monitoring and an increased use of sugammadex with a more precise dose. Factors associated with sugammadex use include higher age, ASA score, BMI, abdominal and thoracic surgery, higher rocuronium doses, emergency surgery and the use of NMT monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Trial registration<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>N\/A.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u2022 Introduction of NMT monitoring with automatic recording coincides with an increase in (documented) use of NMT monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\u2022 Sugammadex is more frequently used in patients with a presumed higher a priori risk of pulmonary complications.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\u2022 Despite increased NMT monitoring and use of sugammadex a significant percentage of patients remain at potential risk of rNMB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13741-024-00382-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T02:39:43Z","timestamp":1711507183000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Trends in the use of neuromuscular blocking agents, reversal agents and neuromuscular transmission monitoring: a single-centre retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Piet","family":"Krijtenburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arjen","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori D.","family":"Bash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gert Jan","family":"Scheffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiaan","family":"Keijzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiel C.","family":"Warl\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"382_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1997.tb04851.x","volume":"41","author":"H Berg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Berg H, Roed J, Viby-Mogensen J, Mortensen CR, Engbaek J, Skovgaard LT, et al. Residual neuromuscular block is a risk factor for postoperative pulmonary complications. A prospective, randomised, and blinded study of postoperative pulmonary complications after atracurium, vecuronium and pancuronium. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1997;41(9):1095\u2013103.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"382_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.08.023","volume":"124","author":"M Blobner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blobner M, Hunter JM, Meistelman C, Hoeft A, Hollmann MW, Kirmeier E, et al. Use of a train-of-four ratio of 0.95 versus 0.9 for tracheal extubation: an exploratory analysis of POPULAR data. Br J Anaesth. 2020;124(1):63\u201372.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"382_CR3","first-page":"S277","volume":"147","author":"WC Bowman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bowman WC. Neuromuscular block. 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Arch Bronconeumol. 2015;51(2):69\u201375.","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"}],"container-title":["Perioperative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13741-024-00382-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13741-024-00382-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13741-024-00382-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T02:45:02Z","timestamp":1711507502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/perioperativemedicinejournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13741-024-00382-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["382"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13741-024-00382-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-0525"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-0525","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 April 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this study (Ethical Committee N\u00b0 2022-13646) was provided by the Medical Research Ethical Committee Oost-Nederland, Philips van Leydenlaan 25, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Chairperson Prof. Dr. P.N.R. Dekhuijzen,) on 22 march 2022. Written patient informed consent was waived for this study because there were no care interventions and no direct patient identifiers were used for analysis. However, surgical cases were checked if the data could be used for research purposes by opt-out consent for the use of medical data for scientific purposes registered in the EMR.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"MCW has received research grants from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bayer, and Gr\u00fcnenthal, outside the submitted work. LDB is a full-time employee of Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA which manufactures and distributes sugammadex, and may own stock and\/or hold stock options in Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ. The other authors (PK, CK, AB, GJS) have nothing to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22"}}