{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:54:30Z","timestamp":1791500070915,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":87,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Perioper Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13741-026-00722-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T08:36:49Z","timestamp":1784018209000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diabetes mellitus and the risk of postoperative visual and auditory hallucinations after cardiac surgery: insights from the VAACS study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Haitham","family":"Abu Khadija","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nizar","family":"Abu Hamdeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdalaziz","family":"Darwish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duha","family":"Najajra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Dabash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Masu\u2019d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafiq","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahya Z.","family":"Fraitekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Amer","family":"Kamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taleen","family":"Odeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noureldin","family":"Jarrar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer","family":"Sallam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anwar","family":"Zahran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Abu-Khazneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saleem","family":"Majadleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shymai","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar Qasem","family":"Heih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basem","family":"Bali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama","family":"Ewidat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamza A.","family":"Abdul-Hafez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oday","family":"Nana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qassem","family":"Hamoudy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alnees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"722_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abu Khadija H, Alnees M, Gandelman G, Awwad M, Schiller T, Hamdan Y, et al. Clinical Impact of Glucose Levels on Patient Outcome after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2025;26(2):25336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/RCM25336.","DOI":"10.31083\/RCM25336"},{"issue":"3","key":"722_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semtcvs.2025.04.008","volume":"37","author":"SM Ali Hassan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ali Hassan SM, Patel SK, Badross MS, Dhingra NK, Verma R, Verma M, et al. Contemporary Prevention and Management of Postoperative Delirium in Cardiac Surgery Patients. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2025;37(3):263\u2013e2743.","journal-title":"Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"722_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"722_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2021.106063","volume":"93","author":"P Bramley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bramley P, McArthur K, Blayney A, McCullagh I. Risk factors for postoperative delirium: An umbrella review of systematic reviews. Int J Surg. 2021;93:106063.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"722_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.7748\/ns.2023.e12034","volume":"38","author":"T Bowden","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bowden T, Magboo R, Navales V. Managing common neurological complications following cardiac surgery. Nurs Stand. 2023;38(12):43\u201350.","journal-title":"Nurs Stand"},{"issue":"4","key":"722_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/1474515119886155","volume":"19","author":"S Cai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cai S, Latour JM, Lin Y, Pan W, Zheng J, Xue Y, et al. Preoperative cardiac function parameters as valuable predictors for nurses to recognise delirium after cardiac surgery: A prospective cohort study. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2020;19(4):310\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"722_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Collins GS, Reitsma JB, Altman DG, Moons KGM. Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): The TRIPOD Statement. BMC Med [Internet]. 2015 Jan 6 [cited 2025 Jul 25];13(1):1\u201310. Available from: https:\/\/bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-014-0241-z.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0241-z"},{"issue":"2","key":"722_CR8","first-page":"122","volume":"26","author":"JB Da Costa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Da Costa JB, Marcon SS, De Macedo CRL, Jorge AC, Duarte PAD. Seda\u00e7\u00e3o e mem\u00f3rias de pacientes submetidos \u00e0 ventila\u00e7\u00e3o mec\u00e2nica em unidade de terapia intensiva. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2014;26(2):122\u20139.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ter Intensiva"},{"key":"722_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu XJ, Lau CC, Ruan RQ. Exploring auditory temporal resolution and dichotic listening skills among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hear Res. 2024;450:109067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heares.2024.109067.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2024.109067"},{"issue":"3","key":"722_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1177\/1474515112450244","volume":"12","author":"S Koster","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koster S, Hensens AG, Schuurmans MJ, Van Der Palen J. Prediction of delirium after cardiac surgery and the use of a risk checklist. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2013;12(3):284\u201392.","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"722_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S196973","volume":"15","author":"K Kotfis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kotfis K, Szyli\u0144ska A, Listewnik M, Brykczy\u0144ski M, Ely EW, Rotter I. Diabetes and elevated preoperative HbA1c level as risk factors for postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery: an observational cohort study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019;15:511\u201321.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"722_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"24","author":"K Komici","year":"2025","unstructured":"Komici K, Fantini C, Santulli G, Bencivenga L, Femminella GD, Guerra G, et al. The role of diabetes mellitus on delirium onset: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2025. 2025;24(1):1.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol 2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"722_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-6748.62273","volume":"18","author":"S Kumar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kumar S, Soren S, Chaudhury S. Hallucinations: Etiology and clinical implications. Ind Psychiatry J. 2009;18(2):119.","journal-title":"Ind Psychiatry J"},{"key":"722_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krzych \u0141J, Wybraniec MT, Krupka-Matuszczyk I, Skrzypek M, Bolkowska A, Wilczy\u0144ski M et al. Complex assessment of the incidence and risk factors of delirium in a large cohort of cardiac surgery patients: A single-center 6-year experience. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/835850"},{"key":"722_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S302526","volume":"16","author":"K Lechowicz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lechowicz K, Szyli\u0144ska A, Listewnik M, Dro\u017cd\u017cal S, Tomska N, Rotter I, et al. Cardiac Delirium Index for Predicting the Occurrence of Postoperative Delirium in Adult Patients After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Clin Interv Aging. 2021;16:487.","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"722_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0146","volume":"46","author":"X Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li X, Cai Y, Zhang Z, Zhou J. Glial and Vascular Cell Regulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Diabetes. Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(2):222\u201338.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"issue":"1","key":"722_CR17","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"Y Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Y, Liu Y, Liu S, Gao M, Wang W, Chen K, et al. Diabetic vascular diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Signal Transduct Target Therapy 2023. 2023;8(1):1.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Therapy 2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"722_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002156","volume":"111","author":"H Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu H, Chen J, Ling J, Wu Y, Yang P, Liu X, et al. The association between diabetes mellitus and postoperative cognitive dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2025;111(3):2633\u201350.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"722_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahmoudi H, Chalkias A, Moradi A, Moradian ST, Amouzegar SMR, Vahedian-Azimi A. Evaluation of postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery patients with the SDACS screening tool: a multicenter-multiphase study. Perioper Med (Lond). 2025;14(1):37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13741-025-00518-8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13741-025-00518-8"},{"issue":"9","key":"722_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6915","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-022-09030-2","volume":"36","author":"U Nwokedi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nwokedi U, Zia M, Xu J, Sadhu AR, Baio FE, Kash BS, et al. Elevated hemoglobin A1c level and bariatric surgery complications. Surg Endosc. 2022;36(9):6915\u201323.","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"issue":"3","key":"722_CR21","first-page":"104","volume":"56","author":"TH Ottens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ottens TH, Sommer IEC, Begemann MJ, Schutte M, Cramer MJ, Suyker WJ, et al. Hallucinations after Cardiac Surgery: A Prospective Observational Study. Med (B Aires). 2020;56(3):104.","journal-title":"Med (B Aires)"},{"issue":"6","key":"722_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1111\/jocs.15471","volume":"36","author":"S Pahwa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pahwa S, Bernabei A, Schaff H, Stulak J, Greason K, Pochettino A, et al. Impact of postoperative complications after cardiac surgery on long-term survival. J Card Surg. 2021;36(6):2045\u201352.","journal-title":"J Card Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"722_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-025-05372-0","volume":"29","author":"R Sonneville","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sonneville R. Hallucinations in critically ill patients: understanding the unreal. Crit Care. 2025;29(1):150.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"722_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Teller J, Gabriel MM, Schimmelpfennig SD, Laser H, Lichtinghagen R, Sch\u00e4fer A, et al. Stroke, Seizures, Hallucinations and Postoperative Delirium as Neurological Complications after Cardiac Surgery and Percutaneous Valve Replacement. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2022;9(11):365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcdd9110365.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd9110365"},{"issue":"4","key":"722_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30405-X","volume":"8","author":"TT van Sloten","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Sloten TT, Sedaghat S, Carnethon MR, Launer LJ, Stehouwer CDA. Cerebral microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes: stroke, cognitive dysfunction, and depression. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(4):325\u201336.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"14","key":"722_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15089","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015089","volume":"98","author":"J Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang J, Chen K, Li X, Jin X, An P, Fang Y, et al. Postoperative adverse events in patients with diabetes undergoing orthopedic and general surgery. Medicine. 2019;98(14):e15089.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"722_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang Y, Xu J, Zheng K, Zhang H. Research progress of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass. iBrain. 2023;10(3):290\u2013304.","DOI":"10.1002\/ibra.12123"}],"container-title":["Perioperative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13741-026-00722-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13741-026-00722-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13741-026-00722-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:43:48Z","timestamp":1791499428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13741-026-00722-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13741-026-00722-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-0525"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-0525","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of An-Najah National University (Approval No.: IRB-12-09-2022, Date: 12 September 2022). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants after receiving a clear explanation of the study objectives, potential benefits, and associated risks. Participation was voluntary, and participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without repercussions. All collected data were handled confidentially and securely stored. Formal administrative permission to conduct the study was also obtained from all collaborating academic institutions.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"90"}}