{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:06:41Z","timestamp":1793232401935,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604448000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      is the most common pathogen in postoperative endophthalmitis and causes various infectious eye diseases. However, there is very little information on fluoroquinolone antibiotic resistance to\n                      <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      identified in conjunctival microbe and analysis of related genes. Here, the authors investigated the rate of resistance to fluoroquinolones of\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolated from normal conjunctival microbes and mutations in the quinolone-resistance determining region (QRDR).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      377 eye samples from 187 patients who underwent intravitreal injection and cataract surgery were included. Specimens were taken from the bilateral lower conjunctival sacs using a cotton swab and cultured. The cultures were identified using MALDI-TOP MS and\n                      <jats:italic>gyrA, gyrB, parC<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>parE<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene mutations of QRDR were confirmed by DNA extraction from resistant strains of\n                      <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      with a micro-dilution method using ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin\n                      <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The culture positive rate was 61.8% (231) for 374 eye samples. Of the 303 total strains cultured,\n                      <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was the most common with 33.7% (102). Ten types of gene mutations were observed in the resistant\n                      <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      of 21 strains. One-point mutation was observed mainly in\n                      <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and a small number of mutations were observed in\n                      <jats:italic>parE<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the form of a double point mutations. When there were multiple point mutations in both\n                      <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the highest minimum inhibitory concentration was observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The quinolone resistance rate of\n                      <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      increased in comparison with previous studies, and resistant\n                      <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed mostly QRDR mutations, which were mainly found in\n                      <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and showed strong resistance when mutated in both genes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00841-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T07:46:02Z","timestamp":1604475962000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Fluoroquinolone resistance of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from healthy conjunctiva and analysis of their mutations in quinolone-resistance determining region"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jung Youb","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woonhyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwang Myeong","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo Hyun","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indal","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6673-569X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Joon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"841_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00896-1","volume":"137","author":"MS Benz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Benz MS, Scott IU, Flynn HW, Unonius N, Miller D, Flynn HW Jr, et al. 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