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We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the risk factors for CRKP infection by comparing CRKP-infected patients with two types of controls: patients infected with carbapenem-susceptible <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (comparison 1) or patients not infected with CRKP (comparison 2).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Data on potentially relevant risk factors for CRKP infection were extracted from studies indexed in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science or EBSCO databases from January 1996 to April 2019, and meta-analyzed based on the outcomes for each type of comparison.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The meta-analysis included 18 studies for comparison 1 and 14 studies for comparison 2. The following eight risk factors were common to both comparisons: admission to intensive care unit (ICU; odds ratio, OR<jats:sub>comparison 1<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20093.20, OR<jats:sub>comparison 2<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20094.44), central venous catheter use (2.62, 3.85), mechanical ventilation (2.70, 4.78), tracheostomy (2.11, 8.48), urinary catheter use (1.99, 0.27), prior use of antibiotic (6.07, 1.61), exposure to carbapenems (4.16, 3.84) and exposure to aminoglycosides (1.85, 1.80). Another 10 risk factors were unique to comparison 1: longer length of hospital stay (OR\u2009=\u200915.28); prior hospitalization (within the previous 6 months) (OR\u2009=\u20091.91); renal dysfunction (OR\u2009=\u20092.17); neurological disorders (OR\u2009=\u20091.52); nasogastric tube use (OR\u2009=\u20092.62); dialysis (OR\u2009=\u20093.56); and exposure to quinolones (OR\u2009=\u20092.11), fluoroquinolones (OR\u2009=\u20092.03), glycopeptides (OR\u2009=\u20093.70) and vancomycin (OR\u2009=\u20092.82).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Eighteen factors may increase the risk of carbapenem resistance in <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infection; eight factors may be associated with both <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infections in general and CRKP in particular. The eight shared factors are likely to be \u2018true\u2019 risk factors for CRKP infection. Evaluation of risk factors in different situations may be helpful for empirical treatment and prevention of CRKP infections.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-0686-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T19:02:59Z","timestamp":1580497379000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Risk factors for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection relative to two types of control patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Wei-min","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-yu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"686_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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