{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T02:48:40Z","timestamp":1785206920305,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The aim of this research study was to compare the situation concerning the use of microbiology testing, the epidemiology of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) and antimicrobial consumption (AMC) in Polish long-term care facilities (LTCFs) with other European countries, using the most recent findings available in the European databases. Furthermore, this study aimed to highlight several basic factors that contribute to the observable differences in AMC between countries participating in the HALT-3 study, especially the relationship with demographic indicators, as well as the health care resources utilization rates.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Patients and methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The most recent HAIs in Long-Term care facilities Point Prevalence Survey (HALT PPS) was carried out in EU\/EEA countries in 2016\u20132017, and in Poland it was carried out in April\u2013June 2017 in 24 LTCFs. AMC data was collected with use of methodology of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system of the WHO.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In total total in HALT-3 study on the day of the PPS, 5035 out of the 102,301 eligible residents received at least one antimicrobial agent, with prevalence of 4.9%, and in Poland 3.2%. The most common HAIs in the countries included into the study was urinary tract infection with relative frequency of 32%, in Poland it was skin infection, 30.4%. The respiratory tract infections, excluding pneumonia (PNU) were observed in 29.5% of residents in total, in Poland 17.4%, the prevalence rate of PNU were 1.4% and 5.4%, respectively. The lack of microbiological results of HAIs testing concerned the vast majority of all HAIs, 75.8% in total and 81.5% in Poland. The most frequently used antibacterial for systemic use were beta-lactams and the most frequently prescribed antimicrobial agent was \u2018amoxicillin and enzyme inhibitor\u2019. AMC was closely correlated with the age of the general population (65\u00a0years of age and more) and the availability of doctors in general population.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A significant problem observed in LTCFs was the empirical use of antibiotics and the scarcity of microbiological testing. In the studied Polish LTCFs, where the age of residents was low, also the AMC was found to be lower.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-021-01019-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T16:03:20Z","timestamp":1635264200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Antibiotic consumption in long-term care facilities in Poland and other European countries in 2017"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0756-1639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jadwiga","family":"Wojkowska-Mach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Brud\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Topolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Bochenek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estera","family":"Jachowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Siewierska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"R\u00f3\u017ca\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1019_CR1","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Europe \u2013 Annual report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net) 2017. Stockholm: ECDC; 2018. Available at (25.03.21): https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/antimicrobial-resistance\/surveillance-and-disease-data\/data-ecdc"},{"key":"1019_CR2","first-page":"147","volume":"9","author":"APJ Haenen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haenen APJ, Verhoef LP, Beckers A, et al. Surveillance of infections in long-term care facilities (LTCFs): the impact of participation during multiple years on health care-associated infection incidence. Epidemiol Infect. 2019;9:147\u2013266.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"1019_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-6553(91)90154-5","volume":"19","author":"A McGeer","year":"1991","unstructured":"McGeer A, Campbell B, Emori TG, et al. Definitions of infection for surveillance in long-term care facilities. Am J Infect Control. 1991;19:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"1019_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. The ATC\/DDD system: International language for drug utilization research. Oslo: WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology Norwegian Institute of Public Health; 2012. Available at (25.03.21): http:\/\/www.whocc.no\/atc_ddd_index\/]."},{"key":"1019_CR5","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in European acute care hospitals \u2013 ECDC PPS validation protocol version 3.1.2. Stockholm: ECDC; 2019. 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(2020) Algorithm of Multidimensional Analysis of Main Features of PCA with Blurry Observation of Facility Features Detection of Carcinoma Cells Multiple Myeloma. In: Burduk R., Kurzynski M., Wozniak M. (eds) Progress in Computer Recognition Systems. CORES 2019. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 977. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-19738-4_29","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-19738-4_29"},{"key":"1019_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Topolski M. Application of the Stochastic Gradient Method in the Construction of the Main Components of PCA in the Task Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis in Children Computational Science \u2013 ICCS 2020; 35\u201344.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-50423-6_3"},{"key":"1019_CR10","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Antimicrobial consumption in the EU\/EEA \u2013 Annual Epidemiological Report 2019. 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All data entered into the electronic database and analyzed in this study had been anonymized.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"154"}}