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Investigating the incidence of CAUTI and associated antibiotic resistance has paramount importance from the health care associated infections perspective. This study therefore assessed the incidence of CAUTIs due to GNB and the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase among inpatients in specialized hospitals of Northwest, Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 363 patients with indwelling urinary catheters who were admitted in the hospital for &gt;\u200948\u00a0h were consecutively enrolled and followed from 3 to 18 days. Data were collected through interviewing and review of medical records. Patients who developed at least one of the following: fever (&gt;\u200938\n                      <jats:sup>O<\/jats:sup>\n                      C), suprapubic tenderness, or costovertebral angle pain, coupled with a GNB positive urine culture of \u2265\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU\/mL with no more than two bacterial species were defined as CAUTI. The ESBL and carbapenemase production were detected and identified by chromogenic medium. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify associated factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From 363 patients followed, the incidence rate of CAUTI was 27.8 per 1000 catheter days. Catheterization for \u2265\u20098 days (AOR\u2009=\u200910.6, 95%CI:1.8\u201362.1) and hospitalization for &gt;\u200910 days (AOR\u2009=\u20098.1, 95%CI: 2.4\u201327.2) were the factors significantly associated with CAUTIs.\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200918, 34.6%),\n                      <jats:italic>Proteus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097, 13.5%), and\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096, 11.5%) were the most frequent GNB. Isolates revealed high rates of resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (100%), cefazolin (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200951, 98%), ceftazidime (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200947, 90%) and cefotaxime (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200946, 88%). Most of the GNB isolates (86.5%) were multidrug-resistant. Overall, 19.2% and 5.8% of GNB isolates were ESBL and carbapenemase producers, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incidence of CAUTI with Gram-negative bacilli is high. As most of the GNB isolates are MDR and showed a super high rate of resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic and third-generation cephalosporins, empirical treatment with these substances is virtually ineffective in patients with suspected GNB infection in Ethiopia. The expression of ESBL and carbapenemase among GNB isolates is also a concern. Therefore, improved infection prevention and control measures, careful use of catheters and third generation of cephalosporins are needed to improve patient outcomes and reduce the burden of CAUTIs and the spreading of antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-024-01368-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T01:01:50Z","timestamp":1706144510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Incidence of catheter-associated urinary tract infections by Gram-negative bacilli and their ESBL and carbapenemase production in specialized hospitals of Bahir Dar, northwest Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zelalem","family":"Asmare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tewachew","family":"Awoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chalachew","family":"Genet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alemale","family":"Admas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Addisu","family":"Melese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wondemagegn","family":"Mulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1368_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-022-01125-8","volume":"11","author":"V Puro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Puro V, Coppola N, Frasca A, Gentile I, Luzzaro F, Peghetti A, et al. 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Control and Surveillance. 2017;7(5):478\u201382.","journal-title":"Control and Surveillance"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Resistance &amp; Infection Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13756-024-01368-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13756-024-01368-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13756-024-01368-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T01:12:43Z","timestamp":1706145163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aricjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13756-024-01368-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-024-01368-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-2994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-2994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review board of the College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University (Protocol number 390\/2022) and permission was also obtained from FHCSH and TGSH. Written informed consent was obtained from each study participant. For children less than 18 years of age, parents sign their consent. Confidentiality of results was maintained by giving identification number without listing their name. Gram-negative bacilli isolates and antibiotic susceptibility testing results were reported to the attending physician for patient management.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10"}}