{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:24:16Z","timestamp":1782840256413,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin Centennial Scholars program and University of Wisconsin Global Health Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-025-01626-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T09:59:27Z","timestamp":1758880767000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Etiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns of sepsis in infants 0\u201359 days old in Jimma, Ethiopia: a longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Daniele","family":"Gusland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melkamu","family":"Berhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mekdes","family":"Shimekit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mulatu","family":"Gashaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alemseged","family":"Abdissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens C.","family":"Eickhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawd S.","family":"Siraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1626_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deribew A, Tessema GA, Deribe K, et al. Trends, causes, and risk factors of mortality among children under 5 in ethiopia, 1990\u20132013: findings from the global burden of disease study 2013. Popul Health Metr. 2016;14(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12963-016-0112-2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-016-0112-2"},{"key":"1626_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"UN. Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Resolution Adopted Gen Assembly 25 September 2015. 2015;42809:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13398-014-0173-7.2","DOI":"10.1007\/s13398-014-0173-7.2"},{"key":"1626_CR3","volume-title":"Ethiopia mini demographic and health survey 2019: final report","author":"Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI) [Ethiopia] and ICF","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI) [Ethiopia] and ICF. Ethiopia mini demographic and health survey 2019: final report. Maryland, USA: EPHI and ICF: Rockville; 2021."},{"key":"1626_CR4","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Infants aged 0\u201359 days","author":"WHO Recommendations for Management of Serious Bacterial Infections in","year":"2025","unstructured":"WHO Recommendations for Management of Serious Bacterial Infections in. Infants aged 0\u201359 days. 1st ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025. p. 1.","edition":"1"},{"key":"1626_CR5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guideline: managing possible serious bacterial infection in young infants when referral is not feasible. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2015 [cited 2025 Aug 8]. Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/181426"},{"key":"1626_CR6","volume-title":"Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book","author":"Access","year":"2022","unstructured":"The WHO AWaRe, Access. Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO."},{"issue":"9979","key":"1626_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62284-4","volume":"385","author":"A Tshefu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tshefu A, Lokangaka A, Ngaima S, Engmann C, Esamai F, Gisore P, et al. Simplified antibiotic regimens compared with injectable procaine benzylpenicillin plus gentamicin for treatment of neonates and young infants with clinical signs of possible serious bacterial infection when referral is not possible: a randomised, open-label, equivalence trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9979):1767\u201376.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1626_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40748-018-0076-2","volume":"4","author":"A Lokangaka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lokangaka A, Bauserman M, Coppieters Y, Engmann C, Qazi S, Tshefu A, et al. Simplified antibiotic regimens for treating neonates and young infants with severe infections in the Democratic Republic of congo: a comparative efficacy trial. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol. 2018;4(1):8.","journal-title":"Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol"},{"key":"1626_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berhane M, Girma T, Tesfaye W, Jibat N, Abera M, Abrahim S et al. Implementation research on management of sick young infants with possible serious bacterial infection when referral is not possible in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia: Challenges and solutions. Kose J, editor. PLOS ONE. 2021;16(8):e0255210.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255210"},{"key":"1626_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leul A, Hailu T, Abraham L, Bayray A, Terefe W, Godefay H et al. Innovative approach for potential scale-up to jump-start simplified management of sick young infants with possible serious bacterial infection when a referral is not feasible: Findings from implementation research. Palinkas L, editor. PLOS ONE. 2021;16(2):e0244192.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244192"},{"key":"1626_CR11","unstructured":"Demissie Shitaye D, Asrat Y, Woldeamanuel B, Worku. Risk factors and etiology of neonatal sepsis in Tikur Anbessa university hospital, Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J; 2010."},{"issue":"1","key":"1626_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-11-7","volume":"11","author":"BA West","year":"2012","unstructured":"West BA, Peterside O. Sensitivity pattern among bacterial isolates in neonatal septicaemia in Port Harcourt. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2012;11(1):7.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1626_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2010.01882.x","volume":"47","author":"TA Ogunlesi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ogunlesi TA, Ogunfowora OB, Osinupebi O, Olanrewaju DM. Changing trends in newborn sepsis in sagamu, nigeria: bacterial aetiology, risk factors and antibiotic susceptibility. J Paediatr Child Health. 2011;47(1\u20132):5\u201311.","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1626_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-017-0892-y","volume":"17","author":"T G\/eyesus","year":"2017","unstructured":"G\/eyesus T, Moges F, Eshetie S, Yeshitela B, Abate E. Bacterial etiologic agents causing neonatal sepsis and associated risk factors in gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Pediatr. 2017;17(1):137.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1626_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1179\/146532805X45692","volume":"25","author":"J Milledge","year":"2005","unstructured":"Milledge J, Calis JCJ, Graham SM, Phiri A, Wilson LK, Soko D, et al. Aetiology of neonatal sepsis in blantyre, malawi: 1996\u20132001. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2005;25(2):101\u201310.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1626_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-302033","volume":"98","author":"L Downie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Downie L, Armiento R, Subhi R, Kelly J, Clifford V, Duke T. Community-acquired neonatal and infant sepsis in developing countries: efficacy of who\u2019s currently recommended antibiotics\u2013systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2013;98(2):146\u201354.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"1626_CR17","unstructured":"CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 33rd ed. CLSI supplement M100. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2023."},{"issue":"6","key":"1626_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004179","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004179","volume":"20","author":"NJ Russell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Russell NJ, St\u00f6hr W, Plakkal N, Cook A, Berkley JA, Adhisivam B, et al. Patterns of antibiotic use, pathogens, and prediction of mortality in hospitalized neonates and young infants with sepsis: A global neonatal sepsis observational cohort study (NeoOBS). PLOS Med. 2023;20(6):e1004179.","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1626_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00050-5","volume":"21","author":"KM Thomson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thomson KM, Dyer C, Liu F, Sands K, Portal E, Carvalho MJ, et al. Effects of antibiotic resistance, drug target attainment, bacterial pathogenicity and virulence, and antibiotic access and affordability on outcomes in neonatal sepsis: an international microbiology and drug evaluation prospective substudy (BARNARDS). Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(12):1677\u201388.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1626_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69058-z","volume":"10","author":"A Shariati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shariati A, Dadashi M, Moghadam MT, Van Belkum A, Yaslianifard S, Darban-Sarokhalil D. Global prevalence and distribution of Vancomycin resistant, Vancomycin intermediate and heterogeneously Vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):12689.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1626_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-023-01291-3","volume":"12","author":"MA Belete","year":"2023","unstructured":"Belete MA, Gedefie A, Alemayehu E, Debash H, Mohammed O, Gebretsadik D, et al. The prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2023;12(1):86.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"1626_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-017-0238-5","volume":"16","author":"GES Mashaly","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mashaly GES, El-Mahdy RH. Vancomycin heteroresistance in coagulase negative Staphylococcus blood stream infections from patients of intensive care units in Mansoura university hospitals, Egypt. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2017;16(1):63.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"1626_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.04.013","volume":"304","author":"Y Dong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dong Y, Speer CP. The role of Staphylococcus epidermidis in neonatal sepsis: guarding Angel or pathogenic devil? Int J Med Microbiol. 2014;304(5\u20136):513\u201320.","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1626_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e31821e91b1","volume":"104","author":"A Klotchko","year":"2011","unstructured":"Klotchko A, Wallace MR, Licitra C, Sieger B. Staphylococcus lugdunensis: an emerging pathogen. South Med J. 2011;104(7):509\u201314.","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"11","key":"1626_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.15.98","volume":"10","author":"S Kleinschmidt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kleinschmidt S, Huygens F, Faoagali J, Rathnayake IU, Hafner LM. Staphylococcus epidermidis as a cause of bacteremia. Future Microbiol. 2015;10(11):1859\u201379.","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1626_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2019-316816","volume":"105","author":"G Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li G, Bielicki JA, Ahmed ASMNU, Islam MS, Berezin EN, Gallacci CB, et al. Towards Understanding global patterns of antimicrobial use and resistance in neonatal sepsis: insights from the NeoAMR network. Arch Dis Child. 2020;105(1):26\u201331.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Resistance &amp; Infection Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13756-025-01626-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13756-025-01626-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13756-025-01626-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T09:59:28Z","timestamp":1758880768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aricjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13756-025-01626-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1626"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-025-01626-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-2994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-2994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"James H. Conway: research funding from US Centers for Disease Control to study viral transmission in Wisconsin schools; scientific consulting agreements with: Pfizer, Merck, Moderna and GSK vaccine programs \u2013 no relation between those projects and this work. All other authors have no any conflict of interest related to the work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"108"}}