{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:48:25Z","timestamp":1792788505065,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"MRUN Young Researchers Grant Scheme","award":["MR002-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR002-2019"]}]},{"name":"Transdisciplinary Research Grant Scheme","award":["TR001B-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TR001B-2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-025-01679-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T17:55:15Z","timestamp":1769536515000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluating hand hygiene compliance: a digital-based approach for assessing healthcare worker practices in the teaching hospitals in Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Min Yi","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Unaizah Hanum","family":"Obaidellah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasheela","family":"Ponnampalavanar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tengku Zetty Maztura Tengku","family":"Jamaluddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur Alwani","family":"Suhaimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun Wie","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy Shuan Ju","family":"Teh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"1679_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004178","volume":"20","author":"R Balasubramanian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Balasubramanian R, et al. Global incidence in hospital-associated infections resistant to antibiotics: an analysis of point prevalence surveys from 99 countries. PLoS Med. 2023;20(6):e1004178.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"1679_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06106-2","volume":"46","author":"R Markwart","year":"2020","unstructured":"Markwart R, et al. Epidemiology and burden of sepsis acquired in hospitals and intensive care units: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:1536\u201351.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"1679_CR3","unstructured":"WHO. Global report on the epidemiology and burden of sepsis: current evidence, identifying gaps and future directions; 2020. World Health Organization."},{"issue":"6","key":"1679_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1086\/500408","volume":"42","author":"LJ Strausbaugh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Strausbaugh LJ, et al. Preventing transmission of multidrug-resistant bacteria in health care settings: a tale of two guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(6):828\u201335.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"1679_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1086\/502513","volume":"26","author":"D Pittet","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pittet D, Donaldson L. Clean care is safer care: the first global challenge of the WHO World Alliance for Patient Safety. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005;26(11):891\u20134.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1679_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.94B4.27772","volume":"94","author":"D Chou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chou D, Achan P, Ramachandran M. The World Health Organization \u20185 moments of hand hygiene\u2019: the scientific foundation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94(4):441\u20135.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"7","key":"1679_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1086\/600379","volume":"30","author":"D Pittet","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pittet D, et al. The World Health Organization guidelines on hand hygiene in health care and their consensus recommendations. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30(7):611\u201322.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1679_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2009.07.003","volume":"37","author":"H Sax","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sax H, et al. The World Health Organization hand hygiene observation method. Am J Infect Control. 2009;37(10):827\u201334.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"1679_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-020-00628-2","author":"DA Hofmaenner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hofmaenner DA, et al. Use of eye tracking in analyzing distribution of visual attention among critical care nurses in daily professional life: an observational study. J Clin Monit Comput. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10877-020-00628-2.","journal-title":"J Clin Monit Comput"},{"key":"1679_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poole A, Ball LJ. Eye tracking in HCI and usability research, in Encyclopedia of human computer interaction; 2006. IGI global. pp. 211\u2013219.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-562-7.ch034"},{"issue":"2","key":"1679_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.2108","volume":"11","author":"H Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu H, et al. Application of eye\u2010tracking in nursing research: a scoping review. Nurs Open. 2024;11(2):e2108.","journal-title":"Nurs Open"},{"key":"1679_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2022.09.025","volume":"131","author":"R Valek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Valek R, et al. Eye-tracking to observe compliance with hand hygiene in the intensive care unit: a randomized feasibility study. J Hosp Infect. 2023;131:148\u201355.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"1679_CR13","unstructured":"WHO, WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care, in WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care. 2009, World Health Organization: World Health Organization. p. 270\u2013270."},{"key":"1679_CR14","unstructured":"Tonsen M, Baumann CK, Dierkes K. A high-level description and performance evaluation of pupil invisible. arXiv 2020."},{"key":"1679_CR15","unstructured":"Malaysian Patient Safety Goals. 2024, Ministry of Health Malaysia."},{"key":"1679_CR16","unstructured":"Commission TJ. Preventing central line\u2013associated bloodstream infections: useful tools, an international perspective. 2013."},{"key":"1679_CR17","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, M. Infection prevention & control and antimicrobial resistance containment program annual report 2022; 2022. Institute for Medical Research Ministry of Health, Malaysia."},{"issue":"2","key":"1679_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2008.06.002","volume":"23","author":"DM Korniewicz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Korniewicz DM, El-Masri M. Exploring the factors associated with hand hygiene compliance of nurses during routine clinical practice. Appl Nurs Res. 2010;23(2):86\u201390.","journal-title":"Appl Nurs Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1679_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2004.06.002","volume":"58","author":"D Pittet","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pittet D. The Lowbury lecture: behaviour in infection control. J Hosp Infect. 2004;58(1):1\u201313.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"1679_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2006.03.012","volume":"63","author":"EA Jenner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jenner EA, et al. Discrepancy between self-reported and observed hand hygiene behaviour in healthcare professionals. J Hosp Infect. 2006;63(4):418\u201322.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"1679_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2018.12.595","volume":"25","author":"PB Alonso","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alonso PB, et al. Scrubbing the hub, how long is enough? Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2019;25(3):S367\u20138.","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"issue":"3","key":"1679_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.5301\/jva.5000509","volume":"17","author":"AP Desra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Desra AP, et al. Aseptic technique for accessing central venous catheters: applying a standardised tool to audit \u2018scrub the hub\u2019practices. J Vasc Access. 2016;17(3):269\u201372.","journal-title":"J Vasc Access"},{"key":"1679_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(08)60003-1","volume":"70","author":"JM Boyce","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boyce JM. Hand hygiene compliance monitoring: current perspectives from the USA. J Hosp Infect. 2008;70:2\u20137.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"10","key":"1679_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1086\/662015","volume":"32","author":"JM Boyce","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boyce JM. Measuring healthcare worker hand hygiene activity: current practices and emerging technologies. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32(10):1016\u201328.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1679_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/27880","volume":"23","author":"C Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang C, et al. Electronic monitoring systems for hand hygiene: systematic review of technology. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(11):e27880.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1679_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.11.029","volume":"45","author":"JM Boyce","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boyce JM. Electronic monitoring in combination with direct observation as a means to significantly improve hand hygiene compliance. Am J Infect Control. 2017;45(5):528\u201335.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"8","key":"1679_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1086\/653999","volume":"31","author":"AR Marra","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marra AR, et al. Measuring rates of hand hygiene adherence in the intensive care setting: a comparative study of direct observation, product usage, and electronic counting devices. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31(8):796\u2013801.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"1679_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfh.2022.100031","volume":"3","author":"JR Pauszek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pauszek JR. An introduction to eye tracking in human factors healthcare research and medical device testing. Hum Fact Healthcare. 2023;3:100031.","journal-title":"Hum Fact Healthcare"},{"issue":"2","key":"1679_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0702.010217","volume":"7","author":"D Pittet","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pittet D. Improving adherence to hand hygiene practice: a multidisciplinary approach. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(2):234.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13756-025-01679-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13756-025-01679-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13756-025-01679-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T13:45:39Z","timestamp":1771422339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13756-025-01679-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-025-01679-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-2994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-2994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) Medical Research Ethics Committee (MREC No: 2020117-8191) and Ethics Committee for Research involving Human Subjects of University Putra Malaysia (JKEUPM-2020-313).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"27"}}