{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T20:04:58Z","timestamp":1770840298152,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768608000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-025-01696-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T04:25:18Z","timestamp":1768623918000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preventing bloodstream infections through effective surveillance, AUDIT and FEEDBACK: evaluation of a 20-year hospital program using a TYPE I hybrid design"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9931-7830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory","family":"Merlo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4931-6850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belinda","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4607-9060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"Marquart-Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1196-4131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Underwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"McDonnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3876-7907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi","family":"Runnegar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Caristo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola Vasquez","family":"Vasquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9309-9315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Playford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1696_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2019.40","volume":"40","author":"RB Dantes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dantes RB, Abbo LM, Anderson D, Hall L, Han JH, Harris AD, et al. Hospital epidemiologists\u2019 and infection preventionists\u2019 opinions regarding hospital-onset bacteremia and fungemia as a potential healthcare-associated infection metric. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2019;40(5):536\u201340.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1696_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.528","volume":"43","author":"GM Schrank","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schrank GM, Sick-Samuels A, Bleasdale SC, Jacob JT, Dantes R, Gokhale RH, et al. Development and evaluation of a structured guide to assess the preventability of hospital-onset bacteremia and fungemia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2022;43(10):1326\u201332.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1696_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2018.183","volume":"39","author":"PW Schreiber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schreiber PW, Sax H, Wolfensberger A, Clack L, Kuster SP. The preventable proportion of healthcare-associated infections 2005\u20132016: systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2018;39(11):1277\u201395.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1696_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.5694\/mja15.00957","volume":"204","author":"D Si","year":"2016","unstructured":"Si D, Runnegar N, Marquess J, Rajmokan M, Playford EG. Characterising health care-associated bloodstream infections in public hospitals in Queensland, 2008\u20132012. Med J Aust. 2016;204(7):276.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"10","key":"1696_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2710.204826","volume":"27","author":"KS Kontula","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kontula KS, Skogberg K, Ollgren J, J\u00e4rvinen A, Lyytik\u00e4inen O. Population-based study of bloodstream infection incidence and mortality rates. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(10):2004\u201318.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1696_CR6","volume-title":"Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Outcomes Programs. Bloodstream infections: 2023 Report","author":"GWBJ van Coombs","year":"2024","unstructured":"Coombs GWBJ, Blyth CC, Bond K, Daley D, Cooley L, Gottlieb T, Iredell J, Warner M, Robson J, van Hal S. on behalf of the Australian Commision on Safety and Quality in Health Care. Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Outcomes Programs. Bloodstream infections: 2023 Report. Sydney: ACSQHC; 2024."},{"key":"1696_CR7","volume-title":"Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (SABSI) prevention resources","author":"Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care","year":"2024","unstructured":"Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care. Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (SABSI) prevention resources. Sydney: ACSQHC; 2024."},{"issue":"5","key":"1696_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2022.87","volume":"43","author":"N Buetti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Buetti N, Marschall J, Drees M, Fakih MG, Hadaway L, Maragakis LL, et al. Strategies to prevent central line-associated bloodstream infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2022;43(5):553\u201369.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1696_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1071\/AH14037","volume":"39","author":"PL Russo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Russo PL, Cheng AC, Richards M, Graves N, Hall L. Healthcare-associated infections in australia: time for National surveillance. Aust Health Rev. 2014;39(1):37\u201343.","journal-title":"Aust Health Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1696_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2011.04.023","volume":"79","author":"J Kok","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kok J, O\u2019Sullivan M, Gilbert G. Feedback to clinicians on preventable factors can reduce hospital onset Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia rates. J Hosp Infect. 2011;79(2):108\u201314.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"1696_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2002.1275","volume":"52","author":"M Whitby","year":"2002","unstructured":"Whitby M, McLaws M, Collopy B, Looke D, Doidge S, Henderson B, et al. Post-discharge surveillance: can patients reliably diagnose surgical wound infections? J Hosp Infect. 2002;52(3):155\u201360.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"1696_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.11.021","volume":"30","author":"S Subedi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Subedi S, Looke D, McDougall D, Sehu M, Playford E. Supervised self-administration of outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy: a report from a large tertiary hospital in Australia. Int J Infect Dis. 2015;30:161\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1696_CR13","first-page":"146","volume":"13","author":"NA Lai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lai NA, Kruger P. The predictive ability of a weighted systemic inflammatory response syndrome score for microbiologically confirmed infection in hospitalised patients with suspected sepsis. Crit Care Resusc. 2011;13(3):146\u201350.","journal-title":"Crit Care Resusc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1696_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1277","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac726","volume":"76","author":"BM Forde","year":"2023","unstructured":"Forde BM, Bergh H, Cuddihy T, Hajkowicz K, Hurst T, Playford EG, et al. Clinical implementation of routine whole-genome sequencing for hospital infection control of multi-drug resistant pathogens. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;76(3):e1277\u201384.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"1696_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1071\/AH19157","volume":"44","author":"R Eden","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eden R, Burton-Jones A, Staib A, Sullivan C. Surveying perceptions of the early impacts of an integrated electronic medical record across a hospital and healthcare service. Aust Health Rev. 2020;44(5):690\u20138.","journal-title":"Aust Health Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1696_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e3182408812","volume":"50","author":"GM Curran","year":"2012","unstructured":"Curran GM, Bauer M, Mittman B, Pyne JM, Stetler C. Effectiveness-implementation hybrid designs: combining elements of clinical effectiveness and implementation research to enhance public health impact. Med Care. 2012;50(3):217\u201326.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"1696_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1501500208","volume":"15","author":"A Linden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Linden A. Conducting interrupted time-series analysis for single-and multiple-group comparisons. Stata J. 2015;15(2):480\u2013500.","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"issue":"6","key":"1696_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","volume":"19","author":"A Tong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19(6):349\u201357.","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"1696_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.02.012","volume":"53","author":"JA Schults","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schults JA, Havers SM, Henderson BC, Healy S, Runnegar N, Hurst T, et al. Expert consensus and recommendations for health care-associated infection surveillance in Queensland, australia: A modified Delphi study. American J Infect Control. 2025;53(8):849-854.","journal-title":"American J Infect Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"1696_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idh.2024.05.002","volume":"29","author":"J Schults","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schults J, Henderson B, Hall L, Havers S. Designing for transparency and trust: next steps for healthcare associated infection surveillance in Queensland. Infect Disease Health. 2024;29(4):243\u20135.","journal-title":"Infect Disease Health"},{"key":"1696_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-4-50","volume":"4","author":"LJ Damschroder","year":"2009","unstructured":"Damschroder LJ, Aron DC, Keith RE, Kirsh SR, Alexander JA, Lowery JC. Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science. Implement Sci. 2009;4:1\u201315.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"1696_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315545196","volume-title":"Interpretive description: qualitative research for applied practice","author":"S Thorne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thorne S. Interpretive description: qualitative research for applied practice. Routledge; UK: 2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"1696_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-022-01245-0","volume":"17","author":"LJ Damschroder","year":"2022","unstructured":"Damschroder LJ, Reardon CM, Widerquist MAO, Lowery J. The updated consolidated framework for implementation research based on user feedback. Implement Sci. 2022;17(1):75.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Resistance &amp; Infection Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13756-025-01696-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13756-025-01696-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13756-025-01696-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T19:04:34Z","timestamp":1770836674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13756-025-01696-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1696"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-025-01696-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-2994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-2994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This Study was approved by the Metro South Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC): HREC Reference Number: HREC\/2020\/QMS\/68730. The research protocol meets the requirements of the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007, updated 2018). The HREC clearance is valid from 14 December 2020. Informed written consent was obtained by all participants in the focus groups before participation. Participants were provided a participant information sheet and given seven days to consider participation and to ask questions. Participants were provided the opportunity to withdraw from participation at any time.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"23"}}