{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T18:46:33Z","timestamp":1788979593931,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":39,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-026-01733-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T14:22:53Z","timestamp":1774189373000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Indoor air quality, hygiene practices and the antimicrobial resistance profiles of airborne bacteria in selected areas of a tertiary health facility in Ibadan, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8823-196X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwadamilare Caleb","family":"Fabiyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godson Rowland","family":"Ana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"1733_CR1","first-page":"9","volume":"15","author":"DI Agwaranze","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agwaranze DI, Ogodo AC, Ezeonu CS, Brow STC, Nwaneri CB, Husie LM. Microbiological assessment of indoor and outdoor air quality in a general hospital in North-East Nigeria. Res J Microbiol. 2020;15:9\u201314.","journal-title":"Res J Microbiol"},{"key":"1733_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1194850","volume":"11","author":"YA Atalay","year":"2023","unstructured":"Atalay YA, Mengistie E, Tolcha A, Birhan B, Asmare G, Gebeyehu NA, et al. Indoor air bacterial load and antimicrobial resistance pattern of isolates at Adare General Hospital in Hawassa, Ethiopia. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1194850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1194850.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"1733_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311843.2016.1215281","author":"CO Ayodele","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ayodele CO, Fakinle BS, Jimoda LA, Sonibare JA, Speldewinde PC. Investigation on the ambient air quality in a hospital environment. Cogent Environ Sci. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23311843.2016.1215281.","journal-title":"Cogent Environ Sci"},{"key":"1733_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chibwe K, Sundararaju S, Zhang L, Tsui C, Tang P, Ling F. Intra-hospital microbiome variability is driven by accessibility and clinical activities. Microbiol Spectr. 2024;12(8):e0029624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00296-2.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00296-2"},{"key":"1733_CR5","first-page":"16","volume":"35","author":"CLSI","year":"2016","unstructured":"CLSI. Performance standards for antimicrobial resistance testing 33rd edition. Clin Lab Stand Inst. 2016;35:16\u201338.","journal-title":"Clin Lab Stand Inst"},{"issue":"3","key":"1733_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s10453-023-09792-9","volume":"39","author":"JJD Fernandes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fernandes JJD, Aguiar PADF, Mendes-Rodrigues C, Martins CHG. Assessing bacterial bioaerosol and environmental variables of critical hospitalization units of a tertiary hospital. Aerobiologia. 2023;39(3):285\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10453-023-09792-9.","journal-title":"Aerobiologia"},{"issue":"12","key":"1733_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9585","volume":"114","author":"A Gandara","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gandara A, Mota LC, Flores C, Perez HR, Green CF, Gibbs SG. Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus and antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from residential indoor bioaerosols. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114(12):1859\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.9585.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"1733_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165942","volume":"902","author":"M Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao M, Lu T, Qian H, Zhang Q, Wang M. Atmospheric antimicrobial resistome driven by air pollutants. Sci Total Environ. 2023;902:165942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165942.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1733_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40248-016-0061-4","volume":"11","author":"Z Gizaw","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gizaw Z, Gebrehiwot M, Yenew C. High bacterial load of indoor air in hospital wards: the case of University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2016;11:24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40248-016-0061-4.","journal-title":"Multidiscip Respir Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1733_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21080983","volume":"21","author":"N Habibi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Habibi N, Uddin S, Behbehani M, Mustafa AS, Al-Fouzan W, Al-Sarawi HA, et al. Aerosol-mediated spread of antimicrobial resistance genes: biomonitoring indoor and outdoor environments. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024;21(8):983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph21080983.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1733_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2022.101382","volume":"13","author":"A Hassan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hassan A, Zeeshan M. Microbiological indoor air quality of hospital buildings with different ventilation systems, cleaning frequencies, and occupancy levels. Atmos Pollut Res. 2022;13(4):101382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apr.2022.101382.","journal-title":"Atmos Pollut Res"},{"key":"1733_CR12","unstructured":"Heseltine E, Rosen J. WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: Dampness and mould. 2009. World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK143941\/."},{"issue":"4","key":"1733_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12558","volume":"29","author":"J Hu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hu J, Ben Maamar S, Glawe AJ, Gottel N, Gilbert JA, Hartmann EM. Impacts of indoor surface finishes on bacterial viability. Indoor Air. 2019;29(4):551\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ina.12558.","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"issue":"7","key":"1733_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271022","volume":"17","author":"G Kayta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kayta G, Manilal A, Tadesse D, Siraj M. Indoor air microbial load, antibiotic susceptibility profiles of bacteria, and associated factors in different wards of Arba Minch General Hospital, southern Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(7):e0271022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0271022.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1733_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.18231\/j.ijmr.2020.007","volume":"7","author":"S Kotgire","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kotgire S, Akhtar R, Damle A, Siddiqui S, Padekar H. Bioaerosol assessment of indoor air in hospital wards from a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Microbiol Res. 2020;7(1):28\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18231\/j.ijmr.2020.007.","journal-title":"Indian J Microbiol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1733_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59463-z","volume":"14","author":"M Leili","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leili M, Afrasiabi S, Rostami R, Khazaei M, Roshani M, Tarin Z. The evaluation of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis in hospital air, their antibiotic resistance and sensitivity of S. aureus to cefoxitin. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):9183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-59463-z.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"01","key":"1733_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4236\/OALIB.PREPRINTS.1200012","volume":"01","author":"D Leta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leta D, Aragaw K, Merid Y. Identification, characterization and antibiotic susceptibility of indoor airborne bacteria in selected wards of Hawassa University Teaching and Referral Hospital, South Ethiopia. Open Access Libr J. 2014;01(01):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/OALIB.PREPRINTS.1200012.","journal-title":"Open Access Libr J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1733_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-0693-1","volume":"9","author":"KI Onyedibe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Onyedibe KI, Shehu NY, Pires D, Isa SE, Okolo MO, Gomerep SS, et al. Assessment of hand hygiene facilities and staff compliance in a large tertiary health care facility in northern Nigeria: a cross sectional study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2020;9(1):30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-020-0693-1.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"1733_CR19","first-page":"34","volume":"3","author":"EF Osaro","year":"2008","unstructured":"Osaro EF, Ufuoma IO, Dorcas AO. Hospital indoor airborne microflora in private and government-owned hospitals in Benin City, Nigeria. World J Med Sci. 2008;3(1):34\u20138.","journal-title":"World J Med Sci"},{"key":"1733_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2000.0820","volume":"46","author":"C Pasquarella","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pasquarella C, Pitzurra O, Savino A. The index of microbial air contamination. J Hosp Infect. 2000;46:241\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/jhin.2000.0820.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"7","key":"1733_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_204_18","volume":"22","author":"NY Shehu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shehu NY, Onyedibe KI, Igbanugo JS, Okolo MO, Gomerep SS, Isa SE, et al. Hand hygiene knowledge, training and practice: a cross-sectional study in a tertiary health institution, North-central Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract. 2019;22(7):1008\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_204_18.","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"1733_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4103\/0300-1652.184058","volume":"57","author":"EO Shobowale","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shobowale EO, Adegunle B, Onyedibe K. An assessment of hand hygiene practices of healthcare workers of a semi-urban teaching hospital using the five moments of hand hygiene. Niger Med J. 2016;57(3):150\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0300-1652.184058.","journal-title":"Niger Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1733_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-017-0204-2","volume":"16","author":"FB Solomon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Solomon FB, Wadilo FW, Arota AA, Abraham YL. Antimicrobial resistant airborne bacteria and their multidrug resistance pattern at a university teaching referral hospital in South Ethiopia. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2017;16(1):29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12941-017-0204-2.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"issue":"2","key":"1733_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2019.06.016","volume":"103","author":"RE Stockwell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stockwell RE, Ballard EL, O\u2019Rourke P, Knibbs LD, Morawska L, Bell SC. Indoor hospital air and the impact of ventilation on bioaerosols: a systematic review. J Hosp Infect. 2019;103(2):175\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2019.06.016.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"9","key":"1733_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-022-10291-6","volume":"194","author":"NSF Tamsi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tamsi NSF, Latif MT, Othman M, Abu Bakar FD, Yusof HM, Noraini NMR, et al. Antimicrobial resistance of airborne bacterial populations in a hospital environment. Environ Monit Assess. 2022;194(9):629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-022-10291-6.","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"issue":"7","key":"1733_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-016-5382-4","volume":"188","author":"JV Teixeira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Teixeira JV, Cec\u00edlio P, Gon\u00e7alves D, Vilar VJ, Pinto E, Ferreira HN. Multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae from indoor air of an urban wastewater treatment plant. Environ Monit Assess. 2016;188(7):388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-016-5382-4.","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"1733_CR27","unstructured":"University College Hospital, Ibadan. (n.d.). Official website. Retrieved from https:\/\/uch-ibadan.org.ng\/."},{"issue":"45","key":"1733_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100584","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-29492-8","volume":"30","author":"Q Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Q, Yang S, Sun S, Wang L, Yang G, Luo J, et al. Spatiotemporal dynamics, traceability analysis, and exposure risks of antibiotic resistance genes in PM2.5 in Handan, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023;30(45):100584\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-023-29492-8.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"1733_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-024-13326-9","volume":"108","author":"Q Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang Q, Zhang M, Tu Z, Sun Y, Zhao B, Cheng Z, et al. Department-specific patterns of bacterial communities and antimicrobial resistance in hospital indoor environments. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2024;108(1):487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-024-13326-9.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"1733_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.03.006","volume":"127","author":"T Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang T, Li X, Wang M, Chen H, Yang Y, Chen QL, et al. Time-resolved spread of antimicrobial resistance genes in highly polluted air. Environ Int. 2019;127:333\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2019.03.006.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"1733_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115620","volume":"268","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Wang Q, Chen Z, Mao D, Luo Y. Significantly higher airborne antimicrobial resistance genes and the associated inhalation risk in the indoor than the outdoor. Environ Pollut (Barking, Essex: 1987). 2021;268(Pt B):115620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115620.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut (Barking, Essex: 1987)"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Resistance &amp; Infection Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13756-026-01733-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13756-026-01733-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13756-026-01733-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:12:23Z","timestamp":1777507943000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13756-026-01733-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1733"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-026-01733-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-2994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-2994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Approval for this study was granted by the UI\/UCH Ethical Committee, University (Reference Number UI\/EC\/25\/0057). Also, prior to data collection, formal; consent was obtained from the Chairman, Medical Advisory Committee, University College Hospital, Ibadan with Reference Number (HSD\/54).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Both authors have given consent for submission and potential publication of this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"66"}}