{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T06:12:16Z","timestamp":1794463936204,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-026-01737-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T05:36:37Z","timestamp":1775194597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of Clostridioides difficile infection based on hospital surveillance data: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dazhi","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilu","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1737_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chandrasekaran R, Lacy DB. The role of toxins in Clostridium difficile infection. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2017;41(6):723\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsre\/fux048.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux048"},{"issue":"1","key":"1737_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2014.8.1.1","volume":"8","author":"KE Burke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Burke KE, Lamont JT. Clostridium difficile infection: a worldwide disease. Gut Liver. 2014;8(1):1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5009\/gnl.2014.8.1.1.","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"1737_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04135","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.04135","volume":"14","author":"Y Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Y, Xie X, Ge Q, et al. The global burden and trend of CDand its association with world antibiotic consumption, 1990\u20132019. J Glob Health. 2024;14:04135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.14.04135.","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"1737_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4078","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02291-12","volume":"50","author":"JW Marsh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marsh JW, Arora R, Schlackman JL, et al. Association of relapse of Clostridium difficile disease with BI\/NAP1\/027. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(12):4078\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.02291-12.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"1737_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0707500","volume":"359","author":"CP Kelly","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kelly CP, Lamont JT. Clostridium difficile\u2013more difficult than ever. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(18):1932\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra0707500.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"1737_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12046","volume":"18","author":"CP Kelly","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kelly CP. Can we identify patients at high risk of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(Suppl 6):21\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1469-0691.12046.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"7","key":"1737_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03539-6","volume":"38","author":"J Czepiel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Czepiel J, DR\u00f3\u017bD\u017b M, Pituch H, et al. Clostridium difficile infection: review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019;38(7):1211\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-019-03539-6.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"1737_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.1236","volume":"42","author":"S Anjewierden","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anjewierden S, Han Z, Brown AM, et al. Risk factors for Clostridioides difficile colonization among hospitalized adults: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2021;42(5):565\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2020.1236.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1737_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03571.x","volume":"18","author":"SM Mcglone","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mcglone SM, Bailey RR, Zimmer SM, et al. The economic burden of Clostridium difficile. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):282\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03571.x.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"1737_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.10.019","volume":"66","author":"AM Jones","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jones AM, Kuijper EJ, Wilcox MH. Clostridium difficile: a European perspective. J Infect. 2013;66(2):115\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.10.019.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"1737_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.02.004","volume":"81","author":"PN Wiegand","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wiegand PN, Nathwani D, Wilcox MH, et al. Clinical and economic burden of Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: a systematic review of healthcare-facility-acquired infection. J Hosp Infect. 2012;81(1):1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.02.004.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"1737_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2020.102233","volume":"64","author":"P Spigaglia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spigaglia P. COVID-19 and Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI): possible implications for elderly patients. Anaerobe. 2020;64: 102233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2020.102233.","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"issue":"7","key":"1737_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2022.210","volume":"44","author":"KB Choi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choi KB, Du T, Silva A, et al. Trends in Clostridioides difficile infection rates in Canadian hospitals during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2023;44(7):1180\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2022.210.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"1737_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ponce-Alonso M, S\u00e1ez de la Fuente J, Rinc\u00f3n-Carlavilla A, et al. Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on nosocomial Clostridioides difficile infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2021;42(4):406\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2020.454.","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.454"},{"issue":"2","key":"1737_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2022.69","volume":"44","author":"AN Rose","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rose AN, Baggs J, Kazakova SV, et al. Trends in facility-level rates of Clostridioides difficile infections in US hospitals, 2019-2020. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2023;44(2):238\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2022.69.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"Si-1","key":"1737_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2106-156","volume":"51","author":"G Kalin \u00dcn\u00fcvar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kalin \u00dcn\u00fcvar G, Do\u011fanay M, Alp E. Current infection prevention and control strategies of COVID-19 in hospitals. Turk J Med Sci. 2021;51(Si-1):3215\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3906\/sag-2106-156.","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"1737_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paula HSC, Santiago SB, Ara\u00fajo LA, et al. An overview on the current available treatment for COVID-19 and the impact of antibiotic administration during the pandemic. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2021;55:e11631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1414-431X2021e11631.","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431X2021e11631"},{"key":"1737_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"PM PAGE M J, MCKENZIE J E, BOSSUYT","year":"2021","unstructured":"PAGE M J, MCKENZIE J E, BOSSUYT PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ (Clinical Res ed). 2021;372:n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71.","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Res ed)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1737_CR19","first-page":"20","volume":"29","author":"R Ochani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ochani R, Asad A, Yasmin F, et al. COVID-19 pandemic: from origins to outcomes. A comprehensive review of viral pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, and management. Le Infezioni in Medicina. 2021;29(1):20\u201336. PMID: 33664170.","journal-title":"Le Infezioni in Medicina"},{"key":"1737_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stoian M, Andone A, Boeriu A, et al. COVID-19 and Clostridioides difficile coinfection analysis in the intensive care unit. Antibiot (Basel). 2024;13(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics13040367.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13040367"},{"key":"1737_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boeriu A, Roman A, Dobru D, et al. The Impact of Clostridioides Difficile Infection in Hospitalized Patients: What Changed during the Pandemic? Diagnostics. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12123196.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12123196"},{"issue":"3","key":"1737_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivy163","volume":"27","author":"F Barili","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barili F, Parolari A, Kappetein PA, et al. Statistical primer: heterogeneity, random- or fixed-effects model analyses? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2018;27(3):317\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icvts\/ivy163.","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"7109","key":"1737_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","volume":"315","author":"M Egger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1737_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2024.102836","volume":"86","author":"A Maldonado-Barrueco","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maldonado-Barrueco A, Moreno-Ramos F, D\u00edAZ-POLL\u00e1N B, et al. Increase of healthcare-onset Clostridioides difficile infection in adult population since SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary care hospital from 2019 to 2022. Anaerobe. 2024;86: 102836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2024.102836.","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"1737_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Karampatakis T, Tsergouli K, Kandilioti E, et al. Implication of COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of Clostridioides difficile infection in a Greek tertiary hospital. J Med Microbiol. 2023;72(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001689.","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001689"},{"issue":"12","key":"1737_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.08.019","volume":"51","author":"R Wilson Dib","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wilson Dib R, Spallone A, Khawaja F, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital-acquired infections at a comprehensive cancer center. Am J Infect Control. 2023;51(12):1302\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.08.019.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"6","key":"1737_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2023.2250624","volume":"78","author":"B Tossens","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tossens B, Barthelme P, Briquet C, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Clostridioides difficile infection in a tertiary healthcare institution in Belgium. Acta Clin Belg. 2023;78(6):459\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17843286.2023.2250624.","journal-title":"Acta Clin Belg"},{"issue":"7","key":"1737_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.12.008","volume":"49","author":"S OCHOA-HEIN E, RAJME-L\u00f3PEZ","year":"2021","unstructured":"OCHOA-HEIN E, RAJME-L\u00f3PEZ S, RODR\u00edGUEZ-ALDAMA JC, et al. Substantial reduction of healthcare facility-onset Clostridioides difficile infection (HO-CDI) rates after conversion of a hospital for exclusive treatment of COVID-19 patients. Am J Infect Control. 2021;49(7):966\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.12.008.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"1737_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e96","DOI":"10.1017\/ash.2024.93","volume":"4","author":"Y Sasaki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sasaki Y, Yano M. Implementation of multifaceted diagnostic stewardship for Clostridioides difficile infection during the COVID-19 pandemic at a small Japanese hospital. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol. 2024;4(1):e96. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ash.2024.93.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1737_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2022.269","volume":"44","author":"AM Parriott","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parriott AM, Kazerouni NN, Epson EE. Association of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with the incidence of healthcare-associated infections in California hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2023;44(9):1429\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2022.269.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1737_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10649","volume":"22","author":"S Sipos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sipos S, Vlad C, Prejbeanu R, et al. Impact of COVID-19 prevention measures on Clostridioides difficile infections in a regional acute care hospital. Exp Ther Med. 2021;22(5): 1215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/etm.2021.10649.","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1737_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.3","volume":"43","author":"K Hazel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hazel K, Skally M, Glynn E, et al. The other \u201cC\u201d: hospital-acquired Clostridioides difficile infection during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2022;43(4):540\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2021.3.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1737_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.10.019","volume":"49","author":"LEI Wee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wee LEI, Conceicao EP, Tan JY, et al. Unintended consequences of infection prevention and control measures during COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Infect Control. 2021;49(4):469\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.10.019.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"1737_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac684","volume":"76","author":"SD Advani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Advani SD, Sickbert-Bennett E, Moehring R, et al. The disproportionate impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on healthcare-associated infections in community hospitals: need for expanding the infectious disease workforce. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;76(3):e34\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciac684.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1737_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2022.102579","volume":"75","author":"N Merchante","year":"2022","unstructured":"Merchante N, Chico P, M\u00e1RQUEZ-SAAVEDRA E, et al. Impact of COVID19 pandemic on the incidence of health-care associated Clostridioides difficile infection. Anaerobe. 2022;75: 102579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2022.102579.","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"1737_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of clostridium difficile infection in China(2024). Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2024;62(10):893\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn112139-20240528-00259.","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112139-20240528-00259"},{"issue":"12","key":"1737_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.07.016","volume":"26","author":"BJ Langford","year":"2020","unstructured":"Langford BJ, So M, Raybardhan S, et al. Bacterial coinfection and secondary infection in patients with COVID-19: a living rapid review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(12):1622\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.07.016.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"1737_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120730","volume":"10","author":"L Furuya-Kanamori","year":"2015","unstructured":"Furuya-Kanamori L, Mckenzie SJ, Yakob L, et al. Clostridium difficile infection seasonality: patterns across hemispheres and continents - a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(3): e0120730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0120730.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"1737_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/17571774241251662","volume":"25","author":"E Mylona","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mylona E, Kostourou S, Veini F, et al. Lateral effects of infection prevention measures during COVID-19 pandemic on hospital-acquired Clostridioides difficile infection. J Infect Prev. 2024;25(6):247\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17571774241251662.","journal-title":"J Infect Prev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1737_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30514-X","volume":"17","author":"KE Dingle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dingle KE, Didelot X, Quan TP, et al. Effects of control interventions on Clostridium difficile infection in England: an observational study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(4):411\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30514-X.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"1737_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Iftimie S, L\u00f3PEZ-AZCONA AF, Corchero-Valverde M, et al. Retrospective Analysis of Clostridioides difficile Infection Rates and Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Unicenter Study in Reus, Spain. J Clin Med. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13102799.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13102799"},{"issue":"4","key":"1737_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16128","volume":"38","author":"A Sohal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sohal A, Chaudhry H, Singla P, et al. The burden of Clostridioides difficile on COVID-19 hospitalizations in the USA. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;38(4):590\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgh.16128.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1737_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stoian M, Azamfirei L, Andone A, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors of Secondary Infections in Critically Ill SARS-CoV-2 Patients: A Retrospective Study in an Intensive Care Unit. Biomedicines. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines13061333.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13061333"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13756-026-01737-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13756-026-01737-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13756-026-01737-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T22:40:32Z","timestamp":1778712032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13756-026-01737-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-026-01737-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-2994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-2994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"71"}}