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The aim of this study was to study the efficacy of furosemide and tadalafil nanoforms compared to conventional forms against adenine-induced CRF rat-model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Addition of 0.75% adenine to the diet of rats for 4\u00a0weeks gained general acceptance as a model to study kidney damage as this intervention mimicked most of the structural and functional changes seen in human chronic kidney disease Urine analysis, histopathological changes and immunohistochemical expression of caspase-3 and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2) in renal tissues were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results showed that the combination of tadalafil and furosemide using conventional and nanoparticle formulations had better renoprotective effect than individual drugs. This was demonstrated by improvement of urinary, serum and renal tissue markers as indicative of organ damage. This was also reflected on the reduction of tubular expression of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL).<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Immunohistochemical studies showed that the deteriorated renal cellular changes indicated by increased expression of caspase-3 and IL-1\u03b2 were greatly improved by the combined treatment particularly with the nanoforms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The nanoforms of both furosemide and tadalafil had greater renopreventive effects compared with conventional forms against adenine-induced CRF in rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-022-00747-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T07:03:07Z","timestamp":1657609387000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Effects of furosemide and tadalafil in both conventional and nanoforms against adenine-induced chronic renal failure in rats"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Moustafa Mahmoud","family":"Hamdy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahran S.","family":"Abdel-Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia M.","family":"Badary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud S.","family":"Sabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"747_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.13180","volume":"23","author":"V Diwan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Diwan V, Brown L, Gobe GC. 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