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However, it is imperative to acknowledge that observational studies inherently possess limitations, rendering it arduous to establish a definitive causal or reverse causal association between delirium and PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the relationship between delirium and PD, a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was conducted using summary statistics obtained from genome-wide association studies. The main analysis was performed using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, with further analyses conducted using MR Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode to ensure accuracy of findings. Additionally, Cochran\u2019s Q statistics and MR Egger intercept were utilized to assess heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      According to the results obtained from the IVW model, no compelling evidence was found to support a potential causal association between delirium and PD (IVW: odds ratio [OR]: 0.996, 95% confidence interval CI\u20090.949\u20131.043,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.845). Additionally, in the reverse direction, based on the results obtained from the IVW model, no significant evidence was found to support a causal association between PD and delirium (IVW: OR: 1.078, 95%CI\u2009\u20090.960\u20131.204,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.225). A sensitivity analysis verified the reliability of the results.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>According to the MR findings, a bidirectional causal relationship between delirium and PD is not observed. It is crucial to conduct further research in clinical practice to investigate the association between delirium and the risk of PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-01696-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T04:02:49Z","timestamp":1707451369000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Causal relationships between delirium and Parkinson\u2019s disease: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Xiaoliang","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingbo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1696_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01245-w","volume":"28","author":"J Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng J, Du X, Yang L, Fu H. 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