{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T03:33:00Z","timestamp":1793244780911,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Med Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Some previous observational studies have linked deep venous thrombosis (DVT) to thyroid diseases; however, the findings were contradictory. This study aimed to investigate whether some common thyroid diseases can cause DVT using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This two-sample MR study used single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified by the FinnGen genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to be highly associated with some common thyroid diseases, including autoimmune hyperthyroidism (962 cases and 172,976 controls), subacute thyroiditis (418 cases and 187,684 controls), hypothyroidism (26,342 cases and 59,827 controls), and malignant neoplasm of the thyroid gland (989 cases and 217,803 controls. These SNPs were used as instruments. Outcome datasets for the GWAS on DVT (6,767 cases and 330,392 controls) were selected from the UK Biobank data, which was obtained from the Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) open GWAS project. The inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger and weighted median methods were used to estimate the causal association between DVT and thyroid diseases. The Cochran\u2019s Q test was used to quantify the heterogeneity of the instrumental variables (IVs). MR Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier test (MR-PRESSO) was used to detect horizontal pleiotropy. When the causal relationship was significant, bidirectional MR analysis was performed to determine any reverse causal relationships between exposures and outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This MR study illustrated that autoimmune hyperthyroidism slightly increased the risk of DVT according to the IVW [odds ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20091.0009;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.024] and weighted median methods [OR\u2009=\u20091.001;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.028]. According to Cochran\u2019s Q test, there was no evidence of heterogeneity in IVs. Additionally, MR-PRESSO did not detect horizontal pleiotropy (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.972). However, no association was observed between other thyroid diseases and DVT using the IVW, weighted median, and MR-Egger regression methods.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study revealed that autoimmune hyperthyroidism may cause DVT; however, more evidence and larger sample sizes are required to draw more precise conclusions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-01933-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T02:02:21Z","timestamp":1718330541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Associations between deep venous thrombosis and thyroid diseases: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Lifeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaibei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qifan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caijuan","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"1933_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4693","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020001830","volume":"4","author":"TL Ortel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ortel TL, Neumann I, Ageno W, et al. American society of hematology 2020 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Blood Adv. 2020;4(19):4693\u2013738.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"1933_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107602962211484","DOI":"10.1177\/10760296221148477","volume":"29","author":"F Mehrabi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mehrabi F, Farshbafnadi M, Rezaei N. Post-discharge thromboembolic events in COVID-19 patients: a review on the necessity for prophylaxis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2023;29:10760296221148476.","journal-title":"Clin Appl Thromb Hemost"},{"issue":"1","key":"1933_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12959-022-00433-8","volume":"20","author":"L Loffredo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Loffredo L, Vidili G, Sciacqua A, et al. Asymptomatic and symptomatic deep venous thrombosis in hospitalized acutely ill medical patients: risk factors and therapeutic implications. Thromb J. 2022;20(1):72.","journal-title":"Thromb J"},{"key":"1933_CR4","unstructured":"RIETE Registry. Death within 30 days. RIETE Registry. 2022[2023.8.23]. https:\/\/rieteregistry.com\/graphics-interactives\/dead-30-days\/."},{"issue":"10","key":"1933_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.04.033","volume":"131","author":"KE Minges","year":"2018","unstructured":"Minges KE, Bikdeli B, Wang Y, Attaran RR, Krumholz HM. National and regional trends in deep vein thrombosis hospitalization rates, discharge disposition, and outcomes for medicare beneficiaries. Am J Med. 2018;131(10):1200\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"10063","key":"1933_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3060","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30514-1","volume":"388","author":"M Di Nisio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Di Nisio M, van Es N, B\u00fcller HR. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Lancet. 2016;388(10063):3060\u201373.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"1933_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000317","volume":"38","author":"I Aquila","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aquila I, Boca S, Caputo F, et al. An unusual case of sudden death: is there a relationship between thyroid disorders and fatal pulmonary thromboembolism? A case report and review of literature. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2017;38(3):229\u201332.","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1933_CR8","first-page":"314","volume":"60","author":"J Kati\u0107","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kati\u0107 J, Kati\u0107 A, Kati\u0107 K, Duplan\u010di\u0107 D, Lozo M. Concurrent deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism associated with hyperthyroidism: a case report. Acta Clin Croat. 2021;60(2):314\u20136.","journal-title":"Acta Clin Croat"},{"key":"1933_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561656","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.561656","volume":"11","author":"M Hieber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hieber M, von Kageneck C, Weiller C, Lambeck J. Thyroid diseases are an underestimated risk factor for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Front Neurol. 2020;11:561656.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1933_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2022.01.014","volume":"211","author":"KR Pohl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pohl KR, Hobohm L, Krieg VJ, et al. Impact of thyroid dysfunction on short-term outcomes and long-term mortality in patients with pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res. 2022;211:70\u20138.","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1933_CR11","first-page":"111","volume":"56","author":"DK Sirota","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sirota DK. Axillary vein thrombosis as the initial symptom in metastatic papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Mt Sinai J Med. 1989;56(2):111\u20133.","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1933_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1177\/014556139507400211","volume":"74","author":"E Raveh","year":"1995","unstructured":"Raveh E, Cohen M, Shpitzer T, Feinmesser R. Carcinoma of the thyroid: a cause of hypercoagulability? Ear Nose Throat J. 1995;74(2):110\u20132.","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"issue":"R1","key":"1933_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu328","volume":"23","author":"G Davey Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Davey Smith G, Hemani G. Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies. Hum Mol Genet. 2014;23(R1):R89\u201398.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"1933_CR14","first-page":"1077","volume":"108","author":"DJ Stuijver","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stuijver DJ, van Zaane B, Romualdi E, Brandjes DP, Gerdes VE, Squizzato A. The effect of hyperthyroidism on procoagulant, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2012;108(6):1077\u201388.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"3","key":"1933_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.12701\/yujm.2019.00339","volume":"36","author":"HM Son","year":"2019","unstructured":"Son HM. Massive cerebral venous sinus thrombosis secondary to Graves\u2019 disease. Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2019;36(3):273\u201380.","journal-title":"Yeungnam Univ J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1933_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-1249","volume":"174","author":"LP Elbers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elbers LP, Moran C, Gerdes VE, et al. The hypercoagulable state in hyperthyroidism is mediated via the thyroid hormone \u03b2 receptor pathway. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;174(6):755\u201362.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1933_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c150011","volume":"6","author":"PJ Davis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Davis PJ, Sudha T, Lin HY, et al. Thyroid hormone, hormone analogs, and angiogenesis. Compr Physiol. 2015;6(1):353\u201362.","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1933_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-014-9418-5","volume":"17","author":"SA Mousa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mousa SA, Lin HY, Tang HY, et al. Modulation of angiogenesis by thyroid hormone and hormone analogues: implications for cancer management. Angiogenesis. 2014;17(3):463\u20139.","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1933_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1177\/17085381211016150","volume":"30","author":"Z Lou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lou Z, Li X, Li C, et al. Microarray profile of circular RNAs identifies hsa_circ_000455 as a new circular RNA biomarker for deep vein thrombosis. Vascular. 2022;30(3):577\u201389.","journal-title":"Vascular"},{"issue":"R2","key":"1933_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R195","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy163","volume":"27","author":"G Hemani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hemani G, Bowden J, Davey SG. Evaluating the potential role of pleiotropy in Mendelian randomization studies. Hum Mol Genet. 2018;27(R2):R195\u2013208.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1933_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-023-01606-8","volume":"16","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Li L, Hu Z, et al. Causal effects between atrial fibrillation and heart failure: evidence from a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. BMC Med Genomics. 2023;16(1):187.","journal-title":"BMC Med Genomics"},{"issue":"19","key":"1933_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.17219","volume":"318","author":"CA Emdin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Emdin CA, Khera AV, Kathiresan S. Mendelian randomization. JAMA. 2017;318(19):1925\u20136.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"16","key":"1933_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18236","volume":"326","author":"VW Skrivankova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Skrivankova VW, Richmond RC, Woolf BAR, et al. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology using Mendelian randomization: the STROBE-MR statement. JAMA. 2021;326(16):1614\u201321.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1933_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408","volume":"7","author":"G Hemani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hemani G, Zheng J, Elsworth B, et al. The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome. Elife. 2018;7: e34408.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"5","key":"1933_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","volume":"50","author":"M Verbanck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verbanck M, Chen CY, Neale B, Do R. Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat Genet. 2018;50(5):693\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"1933_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/10245330600667591","volume":"11","author":"M Franchini","year":"2006","unstructured":"Franchini M. Hemostatic changes in thyroid diseases: haemostasis and thrombosis. Hematology. 2006;11(3):203\u20138.","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1933_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029610364521","volume":"17","author":"M Franchini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Franchini M, Lippi G, Targher G. Hyperthyroidism and venous thrombosis: a casual or causal association? A systematic literature review. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2011;17(4):387\u201392.","journal-title":"Clin Appl Thromb Hemost"},{"issue":"4","key":"1933_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10776-3","volume":"269","author":"S Fandler-H\u00f6fler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fandler-H\u00f6fler S, Pilz S, Ertler M, et al. Thyroid dysfunction in cerebral venous thrombosis: a retrospective cohort study. J Neurol. 2022;269(4):2016\u201321.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"1933_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2019.10.025","volume":"185","author":"VJ Krieg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krieg VJ, Hobohm L, Liebetrau C, et al. Risk factors for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension\u2014importance of thyroid disease and function. Thromb Res. 2020;185:20\u20136.","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1933_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_105_22","volume":"22","author":"AA Alsaidan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alsaidan AA, Alruwiali F. Association between hyperthyroidism and thromboembolism: a retrospective observational study. Ann Afr Med. 2023;22(2):183\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Afr Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1933_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2012.10.021","volume":"49","author":"AJ Walker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Walker AJ, Card TR, West J, Crooks C, Grainge MJ. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer\u2014a cohort study using linked United Kingdom databases. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49(6):1404\u201313.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"1933_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.57897","volume":"16","author":"A Ordookhani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ordookhani A, Motazedi A, Burman KD. Thrombosis in thyroid cancer. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2017;16(1): e57897.","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"1933_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-023-02103-1","volume":"20","author":"M Ziaka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ziaka M, Exadaktylos A. Insights into SARS-CoV-2-associated subacute thyroiditis: from infection to vaccine. Virol J. 2023;20(1):132.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"1933_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117954762311815","DOI":"10.1177\/11795476231181560","volume":"16","author":"K Henke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Henke K, Odermatt J, Ziaka M, Rudovich N. Subacute thyroiditis complicating COVID-19 infection. Clin Med Insights Case Rep. 2023;16:11795476231181560.","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Case Rep"},{"issue":"1172","key":"1933_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2021-141429","volume":"99","author":"S Mondal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mondal S, DasGupta R, Lodh M, Ganguly A. Subacute thyroiditis following recovery from COVID-19 infection: novel clinical findings from an Eastern Indian cohort. Postgrad Med J. 2023;99(1172):558\u201365.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"18","key":"1933_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2023.38.e134","volume":"38","author":"E Nham","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nham E, Song E, Hyun H, et al. Concurrent subacute thyroiditis and graves\u2019 disease after COVID-19: a case report. J Korean Med Sci. 2023;38(18): e134.","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"1933_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117954682311520","DOI":"10.1177\/11795468231152042","volume":"17","author":"E Mouna","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mouna E, Molka BB, Sawssan BT, et al. Cardiothyreosis: epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic approach. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2023;17:11795468231152042.","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Cardiol"},{"key":"1933_CR38","first-page":"20","volume":"2021","author":"AC Maung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maung AC, Cheong MA, Chua YY, Gardner DS. When a storm showers the blood clots: a case of thyroid storm with systemic thromboembolism. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep. 2021;2021:20\u20130118.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40001-024-01933-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40001-024-01933-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40001-024-01933-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T02:12:39Z","timestamp":1718331159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40001-024-01933-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1933"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40001-024-01933-1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3347769\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2047-783X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-783X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 September 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained in all original studies. This study complies with the terms of use of the database.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"327"}}