{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T22:42:20Z","timestamp":1794004940306,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756598400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Med Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-03083-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T03:51:58Z","timestamp":1756612318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Knee osteoarthritis rehabilitation: an integrated framework of exercise, nutrition, biomechanics, and physical therapist guidance\u2014a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangxiang","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"3083_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e508","DOI":"10.1016\/s2665-9913(23)00163-7","volume":"5","author":"JD Steinmetz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Steinmetz JD, Culbreth GT, Haile LM, Rafferty Q, Lo J, Fukutaki KG. Global, regional, and national burden of osteoarthritis, 1990\u20132020 and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Rheumatol. 2023;5(9):e508\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2665-9913(23)00163-7.","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3083_CR2","first-page":"3","volume":"120","author":"GA Hawker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hawker GA. Osteoarthritis is a serious disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019;120(5):3\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3083_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780290816","volume":"29","author":"R Altman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Altman R, Asch E, Bloch D, Bole G, Borenstein D, Brandt K, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic criteria committee of the American rheumatism association development of criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis. classification of osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum. 1986;29(8):1039\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.1780290816.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"Suppl 1(1)","key":"3083_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S138","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001923","volume":"161","author":"TL Vincent","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vincent TL. Peripheral pain mechanisms in osteoarthritis. Pain. 2020;161(Suppl 1(1)):S138\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001923.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"3083_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23789","volume":"71","author":"JA Singh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh JA, Guyatt G, Ogdie A, Gladman DD, Deal C, Deodhar A, et al. Special Article: 2018 American college of rheumatology\/national psoriasis foundation guideline for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis. Arthr Care Res. 2019;71(1):2\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.23789.","journal-title":"Arthr Care Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"3083_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004376.pub4","volume":"12","author":"BJ Lawford","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lawford BJ, Hall M, Hinman RS, Van der Esch M, Harmer AR, Spiers L, et al. Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024;12(12): Cd004376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004376.pub4.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"3083_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23608","volume":"70","author":"SP Messier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Messier SP, Resnik AE, Beavers DP, Mihalko SL, Miller GD, Nicklas BJ, et al. Intentional weight loss in overweight and obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: is more better? Arthritis Care Res. 2018;70(11):1569\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.23608.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"3083_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910659","author":"N Charoenngam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Charoenngam N. Vitamin D and rheumatic diseases: a review of clinical evidence. Int J Mol Sci. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms221910659.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"3083_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2018.05.003","volume":"104","author":"S Anwer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anwer S, Alghadir A, Zafar H, Brism\u00e9e JM. Effects of orthopaedic manual therapy in knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiotherapy. 2018;104(3):264\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physio.2018.05.003.","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"3083_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38290","volume":"66","author":"C Juhl","year":"2014","unstructured":"Juhl C, Christensen R, Roos EM, Zhang W, Lund H. Impact of exercise type and dose on pain and disability in knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arthritis Rheumatol (Hoboken, NJ). 2014;66(3):622\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.38290.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol (Hoboken, NJ)"},{"issue":"10","key":"3083_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2023.06.011","volume":"31","author":"KA Marriott","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marriott KA, Birmingham TB. Fundamentals of osteoarthritis. Rehabilitation: exercise, diet, biomechanics, and physical therapist-delivered interventions. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2023;31(10):1312\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2023.06.011.","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"issue":"5","key":"3083_CR12","first-page":"64","volume":"120","author":"LA Deveza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deveza LA, Nelson AE, Loeser RF. Phenotypes of osteoarthritis: current state and future implications. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019;120(5):64\u201372.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"3083_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052619","author":"S Jang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jang S, Lee K, Ju JH. Recent updates of diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment on osteoarthritis of the knee. Int J Mol Sci. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22052619.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3083_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206013","author":"S Coaccioli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Coaccioli S, Sarzi-Puttini P, Zis P, Rinonapoli G, Varrassi G. Osteoarthritis: new insight on its pathophysiology. J Clin Med. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11206013.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3083_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bor.0000172800.49120.97","volume":"17","author":"DT Felson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Felson DT. The sources of pain in knee osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2005;17(5):624\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.bor.0000172800.49120.97.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3083_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2012.02.012","volume":"51","author":"CR Scanzello","year":"2012","unstructured":"Scanzello CR, Goldring SR. The role of synovitis in osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Bone. 2012;51(2):249\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2012.02.012.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"6","key":"3083_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104861","volume":"56","author":"BE \u00d8iestad","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u00d8iestad BE, Juhl CB, Culvenor AG, Berg B, Thorlund JB. Knee extensor muscle weakness is a risk factor for the development of knee osteoarthritis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis including 46 819 men and women. Br J Sports Med. 2022;56(6):349\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104861.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"3083_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2019.04.006","volume":"27","author":"CWT Lo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lo CWT, Tsang WWN, Yan CH, Lord SR, Hill KD, Wong AYL. Risk factors for falls in patients with total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2019;27(7):979\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2019.04.006.","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"issue":"2","key":"3083_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24131","volume":"72","author":"SL Kolasinski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kolasinski SL, Neogi T, Hochberg MC, Oatis C, Guyatt G, Block J, et al. 2019 American college of rheumatology\/arthritis foundation guideline for the management of osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Arthritis Care Res. 2020;72(2):149\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.24131.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"3083_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34453","volume":"64","author":"RF Loeser","year":"2012","unstructured":"Loeser RF, Goldring SR, Scanzello CR, Goldring MB. Osteoarthritis: a disease of the joint as an organ. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(6):1697\u2013707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.34453.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"3083_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181ef5bf8","volume":"43","author":"DM Urquhart","year":"2011","unstructured":"Urquhart DM, Tobing JF, Hanna FS, Berry P, Wluka AE, Ding C, et al. What is the effect of physical activity on the knee joint? A systematic review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(3):432\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181ef5bf8.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"3083_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.11.019","volume":"23","author":"V Silverwood","year":"2015","unstructured":"Silverwood V, Blagojevic-Bucknall M, Jinks C, Jordan JL, Protheroe J, Jordan KP. Current evidence on risk factors for knee osteoarthritis in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2015;23(4):507\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2014.11.019.","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"issue":"4","key":"3083_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22515","volume":"56","author":"GM Brouwer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brouwer GM, van Tol AW, Bergink AP, Belo JN, Bernsen RM, Reijman M, et al. Association between valgus and varus alignment and the development and progression of radiographic osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(4):1204\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.22515.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"3083_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.10.010","volume":"30","author":"N D'Souza","year":"2022","unstructured":"D\u2019Souza N, Charlton J, Grayson J, Kobayashi S, Hutchison L, Hunt M, et al. Are biomechanics during gait associated with the structural disease onset and progression of lower limb osteoarthritis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2022;30(3):381\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2021.10.010.","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"issue":"8","key":"3083_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13230","volume":"22","author":"S Panunzi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Panunzi S, Maltese S, De Gaetano A, Capristo E, Bornstein SR, Mingrone G. Comparative efficacy of different weight loss treatments on knee osteoarthritis: a network meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2021;22(8): e13230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.13230.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"3083_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159001","author":"NY Ko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ko NY, Chang CN, Cheng CH, Yu HK, Hu GC. Comparative effectiveness of focused extracorporeal versus radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy for knee osteoarthritis-randomized controlled study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19159001.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"3083_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0000000000000841","volume":"24","author":"J Casilda-L\u00f3pez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Casilda-L\u00f3pez J, Valenza MC, Cabrera-Martos I, D\u00edaz-Pelegrina A, Moreno-Ram\u00edrez MP, Valenza-Demet G. Effects of a dance-based aquatic exercise program in obese postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Menopause. 2017;24(7):768\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/gme.0000000000000841.","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"issue":"1_suppl","key":"3083_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791s","DOI":"10.1177\/19476035211007895","volume":"13","author":"R O\u011fuz","year":"2021","unstructured":"O\u011fuz R, Belviranl\u0131 M, Okudan N. Effects of exercise training alone and in combination with Kinesio taping on pain, functionality, and biomarkers related to the cartilage metabolism in knee osteoarthritis. Cartilage. 2021;13(1_suppl):1791s-s1800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19476035211007895.","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"3083_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165596","author":"S Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang S, Chan PPK, Lam BMF, Chan ZYS, Zhang JHW, Wang C, et al. Sensor-based gait retraining lowers knee adduction moment and improves symptoms in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Sensors. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21165596.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"3083_CR30","first-page":"52","volume":"46","author":"F Afzal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Afzal F, Rasul A, Atif M, Umer MI. Eccentric versus concentric isotonic resistance training of quadriceps muscles for treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Rawal Med J. 2021;46:52.","journal-title":"Rawal Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3083_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-020-00175-y","volume":"12","author":"S Assar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Assar S, Gandomi F, Mozafari M, Sohaili F. The effect of total resistance exercise vs. aquatic training on self-reported knee instability, pain, and stiffness in women with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2020;12(1): 27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13102-020-00175-y.","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil"},{"key":"3083_CR32","unstructured":"Jahanjoo F, Eftekharsadat B, Bihamta A, Babaei-Ghazani A, editors. Efficacy of Balance Training in Combination With Physical Therapy in Rehabilitation of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. 2019."},{"issue":"2","key":"3083_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8020265","volume":"8","author":"SA Harper","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harper SA, Roberts LM, Layne AS, Jaeger BC, Gardner AK, Sibille KT, et al. Blood-flow restriction resistance exercise for older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a pilot randomized clinical trial. J Clin Med. 2019;8(2): 265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8020265.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"3083_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2019.1703146","volume":"43","author":"P Sedaghatnezhad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sedaghatnezhad P, Shams M, Karimi N, Rahnama L. Uphill treadmill walking plus physical therapy versus physical therapy alone in the management of individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. Disabil Rehabil. 2021;43(18):2541\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638288.2019.1703146.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"11","key":"3083_CR35","first-page":"2192","volume":"32","author":"DJ Hunter","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hunter DJ, Zhang Y, Niu J, Tu X, Amin S, Goggins J, et al. Structural factors associated with malalignment in knee osteoarthritis: the Boston osteoarthritis knee study. J Rheumatol. 2005;32(11):2192\u20139.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3083_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24606","volume":"61","author":"DT Felson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Felson DT, Gross KD, Nevitt MC, Yang M, Lane NE, Torner JC, et al. The effects of impaired joint position sense on the development and progression of pain and structural damage in knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(8):1070\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.24606.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"3083_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2013.01.003","volume":"23","author":"DJ Rutherford","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rutherford DJ, Hubley-Kozey CL, Stanish WD. Changes in knee joint muscle activation patterns during walking associated with increased structural severity in knee osteoarthritis. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2013;23(3):704\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jelekin.2013.01.003.","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3083_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2008.08.006","volume":"93","author":"KL Bennell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bennell KL, Hunt MA, Wrigley TV, Lim BW, Hinman RS. Muscle and exercise in the prevention and management of knee osteoarthritis: an internal medicine specialist\u2019s guide. Med Clin North Am. 2009;93(1):161\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcna.2008.08.006.","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"3083_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1249\/jes.0000000000000030","volume":"43","author":"E Ageberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ageberg E, Roos EM. Neuromuscular exercise as treatment of degenerative knee disease. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2015;43(1):14\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/jes.0000000000000030.","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"3083_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2009.08.013","volume":"24","author":"F Rannou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rannou F, Poiraudeau S. Non-pharmacological approaches for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24(1):93\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2009.08.013.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3083_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318213fefb","volume":"43","author":"CE Garber","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM, et al. American college of sports medicine position stand quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(7):1334\u201359.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"3083_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.56817","volume":"16","author":"KJ Somaiya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Somaiya KJ, Samal S, Boob MA. Physiotherapeutic intervention techniques for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Cureus. 2024;16(3): e56817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.56817.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"3083_CR43","first-page":"173","volume":"44","author":"RM Ferreira","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferreira RM, Torres RT, Duarte JA, Gon\u00e7alves RS. Non-pharmacological and non-surgical interventions for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Reumatol Port. 2019;44(3):173\u2013217.","journal-title":"Acta Reumatol Port"},{"issue":"6","key":"3083_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.22171","volume":"325","author":"JN Katz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Katz JN, Arant KR, Loeser RF. Diagnosis and treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis: a review. JAMA. 2021;325(6):568\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.22171.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"3083_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.02.838","volume":"28","author":"KL Bennell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bennell KL, Nelligan RK, Kimp AJ, Schwartz S, Kasza J, Wrigley TV, et al. What type of exercise is most effective for people with knee osteoarthritis and co-morbid obesity?: the TARGET randomized controlled trial. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2020;28(6):755\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2020.02.838.","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"issue":"12","key":"3083_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2003.011742","volume":"62","author":"KM Jordan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jordan KM, Arden NK, Doherty M, Bannwarth B, Bijlsma JW, Dieppe P, et al. EULAR recommendations 2003: an evidence based approach to the management of knee osteoarthritis: report of a task force of the standing committee for international clinical studies including therapeutic trials (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62(12):1145\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.2003.011742.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"3083_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2008.02.009","volume":"16","author":"T McAlindon","year":"2007","unstructured":"McAlindon T, Zucker NV, Zucker MO. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis: towards consensus? Osteoarthr Cartil. 2007;16(6):636\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2008.02.009.","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"key":"3083_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2025.1458983","volume":"6","author":"M Whitfield","year":"2025","unstructured":"Whitfield M, Tomlinson OW. Optimal exercise modalities and doses for therapeutic management of osteoarthritis of the knee. Front Aging. 2025;6: 1458983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fragi.2025.1458983.","journal-title":"Front Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"3083_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671241300145","volume":"13","author":"J He","year":"2025","unstructured":"He J, Zhang L, Wu Q, Zhang J. Credibility of blood flow restriction training in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthop J Sports Med. 2025;13(2): 23259671241300145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23259671241300145.","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"3083_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2012.01.019","volume":"4","author":"KR Vincent","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vincent KR, Vincent HK. Resistance exercise for knee osteoarthritis. PM&R. 2012;4(5 Suppl):S45-52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2012.01.019.","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"issue":"1","key":"3083_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-025-08746-1","volume":"26","author":"S Su","year":"2025","unstructured":"Su S, Yu CC, Zhou EF, Liu JY, Fu SN. Effect of aerobic exercise on cardiopulmonary fitness among people with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2025;26(1): 549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-025-08746-1.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"3083_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21596","volume":"64","author":"MC Hochberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hochberg MC, Altman RD, April KT, Benkhalti M, Guyatt G, McGowan J, et al. American college of rheumatology 2012 recommendations for the use of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies in osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Arthritis Care Res. 2012;64(4):465\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.21596.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"3083_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2022.10.009","volume":"31","author":"MA Holden","year":"2023","unstructured":"Holden MA, Metcalf B, Lawford BJ, Hinman RS, Boyd M, Button K, et al. Recommendations for the delivery of therapeutic exercise for people with knee and\/or hip osteoarthritis. An international consensus study from the OARSI rehabilitation discussion group. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2023;31(3):386\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2022.10.009.","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"issue":"4","key":"3083_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010842.pub2","volume":"4","author":"M Hurley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hurley M, Dickson K, Hallett R, Grant R, Hauari H, Walsh N, et al. Exercise interventions and patient beliefs for people with hip, knee or hip and knee osteoarthritis: a mixed methods review. Cochrane Datab Syst Rev. 2018;4(4): 010842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD010842.pub2.","journal-title":"Cochrane Datab Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"3083_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005523.pub3","volume":"2016","author":"EM Bartels","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bartels EM, Juhl CB, Christensen R, Hagen KB, Danneskiold-Sams\u00f8e B, Dagfinrud H, et al. Aquatic exercise for the treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2016(3): Cd005523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD005523.pub3.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"3083_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-025-08450-0","volume":"26","author":"G Bayrak","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bayrak G, Alkan H. Factors influencing pain intensity in knee osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional biopsychosocial perspective. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2025;26(1): 196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-025-08450-0.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"3083_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2022.11062","volume":"52","author":"N Runge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Runge N, Aina A, May S. The benefits of adding manual therapy to exercise therapy for improving pain and function in patients with knee or hip osteoarthritis: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2022;52(10):675-a13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2022.11062.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"3083_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21751","volume":"64","author":"GK Fitzgerald","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fitzgerald GK, White DK, Piva SR. Associations for change in physical and psychological factors and treatment response following exercise in knee osteoarthritis: an exploratory study. Arthr Care Res. 2012;64(11):1673\u201380.","journal-title":"Arthr Care Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"3083_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2025.2454039","volume":"30","author":"Y Isaji","year":"2025","unstructured":"Isaji Y, Kurasawa Y, Sasaki D, Hayashi M, Kitagawa T. Psychological intervention for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Health Med. 2025;30(3):636\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13548506.2025.2454039.","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3083_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3810\/psm.2012.11.1988","volume":"40","author":"YM Golightly","year":"2012","unstructured":"Golightly YM, Allen KD, Caine DJ. A comprehensive review of the effectiveness of different exercise programs for patients with osteoarthritis. Phys Sportsmed. 2012;40(4):52\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3810\/psm.2012.11.1988.","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"issue":"6","key":"3083_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2003.50021","volume":"32","author":"MH Huang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Huang MH, Lin YS, Yang RC, Lee CL. A comparison of various therapeutic exercises on the functional status of patients with knee osteoarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2003;32(6):398\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/sarh.2003.50021.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"7","key":"3083_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-093163","volume":"15","author":"T Kitagawa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kitagawa T, Isaji Y, Sasaki D, Onishi K, Hayashi M, Okuyama W. Effectiveness of exercise therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis: an overview of systematic reviews. BMJ Open. 2025;15(7): e093163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-093163.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"3083_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14121130","author":"J Lim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lim J, Choi A, Kim B. The effects of resistance training on pain, strength, and function in osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pers Med. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm14121130.","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3083_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1903768","volume":"384","author":"L Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma L. Osteoarthritis of the knee. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(1):51\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMcp1903768.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3083_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13010054","author":"CA Mallio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mallio CA, Bernetti C, Agostini F, Mangone M, Paoloni M, Santilli G, et al. Advanced MR imaging for knee osteoarthritis: a review on local and brain effects. Diagnostics. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13010054.","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"3083_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111650","author":"M Shawl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shawl M, Geetha T, Burnett D, Babu JR. Omega-3 supplementation and its effects on osteoarthritis. Nutrients. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16111650.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"3083_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2016.04.005","volume":"83","author":"M Breban","year":"2016","unstructured":"Breban M. Gut microbiota and inflammatory joint diseases. Joint Bone Spine. 2016;83(6):645\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbspin.2016.04.005.","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"issue":"4","key":"3083_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5041417","volume":"5","author":"J Slavin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Slavin J. Fiber and prebiotics: mechanisms and health benefits. Nutrients. 2013;5(4):1417\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu5041417.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"3083_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2649","volume":"11","author":"C Boileau","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boileau C, Martel-Pelletier J, Caron J, Msika P, Guillou GB, Baudouin C, et al. Protective effects of total fraction of avocado\/soybean unsaponifiables on the structural changes in experimental dog osteoarthritis: inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and matrix metalloproteinase-13. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(2): R41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/ar2649.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"3083_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.06.002","volume":"17","author":"A Bortoluzzi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bortoluzzi A, Furini F, Scir\u00e8 CA. Osteoarthritis and its management - epidemiology, nutritional aspects and environmental factors. Autoimmun Rev. 2018;17(11):1097\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.06.002.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"3083_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.158543","volume":"106","author":"P Christensen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Christensen P, Henriksen M, Bartels EM, Leeds AR, Meinert Larsen T, Gudbergsen H, et al. Long-term weight-loss maintenance in obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(3):755\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.117.158543.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"3083_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109477","volume":"98","author":"SP Messier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Messier SP, Beavers DP, Mihalko SL, Miller GD, Lyles MF, Hunter DJ, et al. The effects of intensive dietary weight loss and exercise on gait in overweight and obese adults with knee osteoarthritis. The intensive diet and exercise for arthritis (IDEA) trial. J Biomech. 2020;98: 109477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109477.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"5","key":"3083_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-016-0806-y","volume":"21","author":"J Dyer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dyer J, Davison G, Marcora SM, Mauger AR. Effect of a mediterranean type diet on inflammatory and cartilage degradation biomarkers in patients with osteoarthritis. J Nutr Health Aging. 2017;21(5):562\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12603-016-0806-y.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"3083_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081030","author":"I Morales-Ivorra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morales-Ivorra I, Romera-Baures M, Roman-Vi\u00f1as B, Serra-Majem L. Osteoarthritis and the Mediterranean diet: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10081030.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"3083_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22952","volume":"69","author":"B Lu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lu B, Driban JB, Xu C, Lapane KL, McAlindon TE, Eaton CB. Dietary fat intake and radiographic progression of knee osteoarthritis: data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Arthritis Care Res. 2017;69(3):368\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.22952.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3083_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2012.10.007","volume":"23","author":"CH Fantini Pagani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fantini Pagani CH, Willwacher S, Kleis B, Br\u00fcggemann GP. Influence of a valgus knee brace on muscle activation and co-contraction in patients with medial knee osteoarthritis. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2013;23(2):490\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jelekin.2012.10.007.","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3083_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097108","volume":"52","author":"KE Shaw","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shaw KE, Charlton JM, Perry CKL, de Vries CM, Redekopp MJ, White JA, et al. The effects of shoe-worn insoles on gait biomechanics in people with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(4):238\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097108.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3083_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/10400435.2021.1880495","volume":"34","author":"M Khosravi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khosravi M, Babaee T, Daryabor A, Jalali M. Effect of knee braces and insoles on clinical outcomes of individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Assist Technol. 2022;34(5):501\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10400435.2021.1880495.","journal-title":"Assist Technol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3083_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2019.05.004","volume":"27","author":"A Van Ginckel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van Ginckel A, Hinman RS, Wrigley TV, Hunter DJ, Marshall CJ, Duryea J, et al. Effect of cane use on bone marrow lesion volume in people with medial tibiofemoral knee osteoarthritis: randomized clinical trial. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2019;27(9):1324\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2019.05.004.","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"issue":"6","key":"3083_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.23736\/s1973-9087.21.06828-3","volume":"57","author":"LC Pereira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pereira LC, Runhaar J, Favre J, Jolles BM, Bierma-Zeinstra S. Association between changes in the knee adduction moment and changes in knee pain and function in response to non-surgical biomechanical interventions for medial knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2021;57(6):948\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/s1973-9087.21.06828-3.","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"3083_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274874","volume":"17","author":"MDC Silva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Silva MDC, Perriman DM, Fearon AM, Tait D, Spencer TJ, Walton-Sonda D, et al. Effects of neuromuscular gait modification strategies on indicators of knee joint load in people with medial knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(9): e0274874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0274874.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"3083_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.07.006","volume":"98","author":"R Richards","year":"2017","unstructured":"Richards R, van den Noort JC, Dekker J, Harlaar J. Gait retraining with real-time biofeedback to reduce knee adduction moment: systematic review of effects and methods used. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;98(1):137\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.07.006.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"3083_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2022.04.013","volume":"95","author":"R Rynne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rynne R, Le Tong G, Cheung RTH, Constantinou M. Effectiveness of gait retraining interventions in individuals with hip or knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture. 2022;95:164\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2022.04.013.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"3083_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.02.023","volume":"62","author":"R Richards","year":"2018","unstructured":"Richards R, van der Esch M, van den Noort JC, Harlaar J. The learning process of gait retraining using real-time feedback in patients with medial knee osteoarthritis. Gait Posture. 2018;62:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.02.023.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"3083_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100022","volume":"1","author":"J Bowd","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bowd J, Biggs P, Holt C, Whatling G. Does gait retraining have the potential to reduce medial compartmental loading in individuals with knee osteoarthritis while not adversely affecting the other lower limb joints? A systematic review. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl. 2019;1(3\u20134): 100022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100022.","journal-title":"Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl"},{"issue":"10","key":"3083_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21142","volume":"28","author":"JP Walter","year":"2010","unstructured":"Walter JP, D\u2019Lima DD, Colwell CW Jr., Fregly BJ. Decreased knee adduction moment does not guarantee decreased medial contact force during gait. J Orthop Res. 2010;28(10):1348\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.21142.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3083_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2019.10.006","volume":"27","author":"MJ Booij","year":"2020","unstructured":"Booij MJ, Richards R, Harlaar J, van den Noort JC. Effect of walking with a modified gait on activation patterns of the knee spanning muscles in people with medial knee osteoarthritis. Knee. 2020;27(1):198\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knee.2019.10.006.","journal-title":"Knee"},{"issue":"5","key":"3083_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2018.05.014","volume":"25","author":"R Richards","year":"2018","unstructured":"Richards R, van den Noort JC, van der Esch M, Booij MJ, Harlaar J. Gait retraining using real-time feedback in patients with medial knee osteoarthritis: feasibility and effects of a six-week gait training program. Knee. 2018;25(5):814\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knee.2018.05.014.","journal-title":"Knee"},{"issue":"2","key":"3083_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.212","volume":"7","author":"ND Reeves","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reeves ND, Bowling FL. Conservative biomechanical strategies for knee osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2011;7(2):113\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.212.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3083_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.062927","volume":"66","author":"A Chang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chang A, Hurwitz D, Dunlop D, Song J, Cahue S, Hayes K, et al. The relationship between toe-out angle during gait and progression of medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(10):1271\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.2006.062927.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"3083_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2013.4121","volume":"43","author":"S Farrokhi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Farrokhi S, Voycheck CA, Tashman S, Fitzgerald GK. A biomechanical perspective on physical therapy management of knee osteoarthritis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2013;43(9):600\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2013.4121.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"3083_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5574966","author":"Z Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen Z, Ye X, Wang Y, Shen Z, Wu J, Chen W, et al. The efficacy of backward walking on static stability, proprioception, pain, and physical function of patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Evid-Based Complement Altern Med. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/5574966.","journal-title":"Evid-Based Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"3083_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2019.1566943","volume":"36","author":"A Ledingham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ledingham A, Cohn ES, Baker KR, Keysor JJ. Exercise adherence: beliefs of adults with knee osteoarthritis over 2 years. Physiother Theory Pract. 2020;36(12):1363\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09593985.2019.1566943.","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"3083_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23297","volume":"70","author":"PJA Nicolson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nicolson PJA, Hinman RS, French SD, Lonsdale C, Bennell KL. Improving adherence to exercise: do people with knee osteoarthritis and physical therapists agree on the behavioral approaches likely to succeed? Arthritis Care Res. 2018;70(3):388\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.23297.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3083_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1097\/jcn.0000000000000229","volume":"31","author":"MI Cajita","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cajita MI, Cajita TR, Han HR. Health literacy and heart failure: a systematic review. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2016;31(2):121\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/jcn.0000000000000229.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"3083_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12897","volume":"23","author":"S Zuo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zuo S, Lin L, Chen S, Wang Z, Tian L, Li H, et al. Influencing factors of loneliness among older adults in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychogeriatrics. 2023;23(1):164\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyg.12897.","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"3083_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.05.005","volume":"16","author":"GL Moseley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moseley GL, Butler DS. Fifteen years of explaining pain: the past, present, and future. J Pain. 2015;16(9):807\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.05.005.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"3083_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215517754240","volume":"32","author":"M Taglietti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Taglietti M, Facci LM, Trelha CS, de Melo FC, da Silva DW, Sawczuk G, et al. Effectiveness of aquatic exercises compared to patient-education on health status in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2018;32(6):766\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269215517754240.","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"3083_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2019.11.008","volume":"28","author":"MR Maly","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maly MR, Marriott KA, Chopp-Hurley JN. Osteoarthritis year in review 2019: rehabilitation and outcomes. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2020;28(3):249\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2019.11.008.","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"issue":"1","key":"3083_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/qhw.v11.30193","volume":"11","author":"J Nyvang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nyvang J, Hedstr\u00f6m M, Gleissman SA. It\u2019s not just a knee, but a whole life: a qualitative descriptive study on patients\u2019 experiences of living with knee osteoarthritis and their expectations for knee arthroplasty. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being. 2016;11(1): 30193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/qhw.v11.30193.","journal-title":"Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being"},{"issue":"3","key":"3083_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/12855","volume":"8","author":"KE Murray","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murray KE, Murray TE, O\u2019Rourke AC, Low C, Veale DJ. Readability and quality of online information on osteoarthritis: an objective analysis with historic comparison. Interact J Med Res. 2019;8(3): e12855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/12855.","journal-title":"Interact J Med Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"3083_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22518","volume":"67","author":"SD French","year":"2015","unstructured":"French SD, Bennell KL, Nicolson PJ, Hodges PW, Dobson FL, Hinman RS. What do people with knee or hip osteoarthritis need to know? An international consensus list of essential statements for osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2015;67(6):809\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.22518.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"3083_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57070696","author":"A Tsokanos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsokanos A, Livieratou E, Billis E, Tsekoura M, Tatsios P, Tsepis E, et al. The efficacy of manual therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina57070696.","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"4","key":"3083_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.4739\/jpma.6223","volume":"73","author":"B Mehwish","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mehwish B, Ali SS, Mirza Baig AA. Effect of hip joint mobilisations and strength training on pain, physical function and dynamic balance in patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. JPMA J Pakistan Med Assoc. 2023;73(4):749\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4739\/jpma.6223.","journal-title":"JPMA J Pakistan Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"3083_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocarto.2024.100497","volume":"6","author":"RM Ferreira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ferreira RM, Martins PN, Gon\u00e7alves RS. Non-pharmacological and non-surgical interventions to manage patients with knee osteoarthritis: an umbrella review 5-year update. Osteoarthr Cartil Open. 2024;6(3): 100497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ocarto.2024.100497.","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil Open"},{"key":"3083_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.2147\/jpr.S502457","volume":"18","author":"W Wei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wei W, Qin Y, Lin J. Effectiveness of combination of thunder fire moxibustion with other forms of traditional chinese medicine for osteoarthritis knee a meta-analysis. J Pain Res. 2025;18:3087\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/jpr.S502457.","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"3083_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-035610","volume":"10","author":"L Ogura Dantas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ogura Dantas L, Serafim Jorge AE, Mendes R, da Silva SP, Aburquerque-Send\u00edn F, de Fatima ST. Cryotherapy associated with tailored land-based exercises for knee osteoarthritis: a protocol for a double-blind sham-controlled randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2020;10(6): e035610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-035610.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"3083_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-01919-9","volume":"15","author":"JZ Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang JZ, Nie MJ, Zhao JZ, Zhang GC, Zhang Q, Wang B. Platelet-rich plasma versus hyaluronic acid in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020;15(1):403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13018-020-01919-9.","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3083_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.24503","volume":"14","author":"S Chavda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chavda S, Rabbani SA, Wadhwa T. Role and effectiveness of intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Cureus. 2022;14(4): e24503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.24503.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"3083_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2021.03.011","volume":"114","author":"MA Ahmad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmad MA, Hamid MS, Yusof A. Effects of low-level and high-intensity laser therapy as adjunctive to rehabilitation exercise on pain, stiffness and function in knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiotherapy. 2022;114:85\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physio.2021.03.011.","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"3083_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007402.pub3","volume":"2015","author":"S Derry","year":"2015","unstructured":"Derry S, Moore RA, Gaskell H, McIntyre M, Wiffen PJ. Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(6): 007402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD007402.pub3.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"3083_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.26182","volume":"114","author":"M Ondr\u00e9sik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ondr\u00e9sik M, Azevedo Maia FR, da Silva MA, Gertrudes AC, Dias Bacelar AH, Correia C, et al. Management of knee osteoarthritis. Current status and future trends. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2017;114(4):717\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bit.26182.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"issue":"3","key":"3083_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocarto.2020.100069","volume":"2","author":"C Kokkotis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kokkotis C, Moustakidis S, Papageorgiou E, Giakas G, Tsaopoulos DE. Machine learning in knee osteoarthritis: a review. Osteoarthr Cartil Open. 2020;2(3): 100069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ocarto.2020.100069.","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"3083_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/36130","volume":"6","author":"Z Nowinka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nowinka Z, Alagha MA, Mahmoud K, Jones GG. Predicting depression in patients with knee osteoarthritis using machine learning: model development and validation study. JMIR Formative Res. 2022;6(9): e36130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/36130.","journal-title":"JMIR Formative Res"},{"key":"3083_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14030690","author":"C Carulli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Carulli C, Rossi SMP, Magistrelli L, Annibaldi A, Troncone E. Can artificial intelligence help orthopaedic surgeons in the conservative management of knee osteoarthritis? A consensus analysis. J Clin Med. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14030690.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3083_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-022-01476-7","volume":"127","author":"SS Abdullah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdullah SS, Rajasekaran MP. Automatic detection and classification of knee osteoarthritis using deep learning approach. La Radiologia Med. 2022;127(4):398\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11547-022-01476-7.","journal-title":"La Radiologia Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3083_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.3233\/bmr-235003","volume":"36","author":"R Soer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Soer R. Artificial intelligence in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. J Back Musculoskel Rehabilit. 2023;36(5):993\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/bmr-235003.","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskel Rehabilit"},{"issue":"1","key":"3083_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0130-5","volume":"15","author":"A Jamshidi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jamshidi A, Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J. Machine-learning-based patient-specific prediction models for knee osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2019;15(1):49\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41584-018-0130-5.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3083_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1806949","volume":"381","author":"I Sim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sim I. Mobile devices and health. New England J Med. 2019;381(10):956\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1806949.","journal-title":"New England J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3083_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.07.439","volume":"100","author":"R Nussbaum","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nussbaum R, Kelly C, Quinby E, Mac A, Parmanto B, Dicianno BE. Systematic review of mobile health applications in rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabilit. 2019;100(1):115\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.07.439.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabilit"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40001-025-03083-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40001-025-03083-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40001-025-03083-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T06:00:48Z","timestamp":1757484048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40001-025-03083-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40001-025-03083-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-783X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-783X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"826"}}