{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:44:20Z","timestamp":1792788260202,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"General Research Program in Medicine and Health of Zhejiang Province","award":["NO. 2025KY1125, 2023KY029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. 2025KY1125, 2023KY029"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Medical and Health Science and Technology Project","award":["NO. A20240028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. A20240028"]}]},{"name":"the Special Science and Technology Project for the Support of Biopharmaceuticals and Health Industry in Hangzhou","award":["NO. 2023WJC226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. 2023WJC226"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Plan Project of Zhejiang Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["NO. 2024ZL764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. 2024ZL764"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Med Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-03476-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T15:23:04Z","timestamp":1765898584000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["MRI quantitative imaging biomarkers in differentiating brain parenchymal tuberculoma and lung cancer brain metastases"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Anlong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quelu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6010-8505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanlin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"3476_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.120","volume":"13","author":"RJ Wilkinson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilkinson RJ, Rohlwink U, Misra UK, et al. Tuberculous meningitis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017;13(10):581\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.120.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"3476_CR2","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2024","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2024. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024."},{"issue":"7","key":"3476_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2019.07.007","volume":"175","author":"F Mechai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mechai F, Bouchaud O. Tuberculous meningitis: challenges in diagnosis and management. Rev Neurol. 2020;175(7):451\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurol.2019.07.007.","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3476_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21871","volume":"75","author":"RL Siegel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Siegel RL, Kratzer TB, Giaquinto AN, Sung H, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2025. CA Cancer J Clin. 2025;75(1):10\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21871.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"3476_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jncc.2024.01.006","volume":"4","author":"B Han","year":"2024","unstructured":"Han B, Zheng R, Zeng H, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2022. J Natl Cancer Center. 2024;4:47\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jncc.2024.01.006.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Center"},{"issue":"10","key":"3476_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.1054","volume":"94","author":"LJ Schouten","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schouten LJ, Rutten J, Huveneers HA, Twijnstra A. Incidence of brain metastases in a cohort of patients with carcinoma of the breast, colon, kidney, and lung and melanoma. Cancer. 2002;94(10):2698\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.1054.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"3476_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2010.01.018","volume":"70","author":"I Olmez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Olmez I, Donahue BR, Butler JS, Huang Y, Rubin P, Xu Y. Clinical outcomes in extracranial tumor sites and unusual toxicities with concurrent whole brain radiation (WBRT) and erlotinib treatment in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with brain metastasis. Lung Cancer. 2010;70(2):174\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lungcan.2010.01.018.","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"3476_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0933-9","volume":"123","author":"M Preusser","year":"2012","unstructured":"Preusser M, Capper D, Ilhan-Mutlu A, et al. Brain metastases: pathobiology and emerging targeted therapies. Acta Neuropathol. 2012;123(2):205\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-011-0933-9.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"14","key":"3476_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.12.149","volume":"22","author":"JS Barnholtz-Sloan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Sloan AE, Davis FG, Vigneau FD, Lai P, Sawaya RE. Incidence proportions of brain metastases in patients diagnosed (1973\u20132001) in the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(14):2865\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2004.12.149.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"3476_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6511","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S344563","volume":"14","author":"C Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu C, Yu Y, Wang S, et al. A novel clinical radiomics nomogram to identify Crohn\u2019s disease from intestinal tuberculosis. J Inflamm Res. 2021;14:6511\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JIR.S344563.","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"3476_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-022-03749-1","volume":"48","author":"Y Pang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pang Y, Li Y, Xu D, Sun X, Hou D. Differentiating peritoneal tuberculosis and peritoneal carcinomatosis based on a machine learning model with CT: a multicentre study. Abdom Radiol. 2023;48:1545\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-022-03749-1.","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol"},{"key":"3476_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-023-00396-z","volume":"8","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Y, Lv X, Chen C, et al. A deep learning model integrating multisequence MRI to predict EGFR mutation subtype in brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer. Eur Radiol Exp. 2024;8:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41747-023-00396-z.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol Exp"},{"key":"3476_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejro.2024.100548","volume":"12","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Y, Lv X, Chen C, Wang Y, Xu Z, Hou D. Multisequence MRI-based radiomics signature as potential biomarkers for differentiating KRAS mutations in non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastases. Eur J Radiol Open. 2024;12:100548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejro.2024.100548.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"3476_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80425-y","volume":"14","author":"E Mun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mun E, Zeng S, Yuan Z, et al. Machine learning-based prediction model for brain metastasis in patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):28790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-80425-y.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"3476_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2023.08.002","volume":"24","author":"G Vison\u00e0","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vison\u00e0 G, Spiller LM, Hahn S, et al. Machine-learning-aided prediction of brain metastases development in non-small-cell lung cancers. Clin Lung Cancer. 2023;24(8):e311\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cllc.2023.08.002.","journal-title":"Clin Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"3476_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70138-9","volume":"10","author":"S Marais","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marais S, Thwaites G, Schoeman JF, et al. Tuberculous meningitis: a uniform case definition for use in clinical research. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(11):803\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70138-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3476_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3779\/j.issn.1009-3419.2024.102.42","volume":"28","author":"Lung Cancer Medical Education Committee of Chinese Medical Education Association","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lung Cancer Medical Education Committee of Chinese Medical Education Association, Brain Metastasis Collaboration Group, Youth Specialists Committee of Lung Cancer of Beijing Medical Reward Foundation. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer with actionable gene alterations in China (2025 edition). Chin J Lung Cancer. 2025;28(1):1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3779\/j.issn.1009-3419.2024.102.42.","journal-title":"Chin J Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"3476_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3779\/j.issn.1009-3419.2017.01.01","volume":"20","author":"Y Shi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shi Y, Sun Y, Yu J, et al. China experts consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of brain metastases of lung cancer (2017 version). Chin J Lung Cancer. 2017;20(1):1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3779\/j.issn.1009-3419.2017.01.01.","journal-title":"Chin J Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"3476_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-018-0726-9","volume":"29","author":"MA Schaller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schaller MA, Wicke F, Foerch C, et al. Central nervous system tuberculosis: etiology, clinical manifestations and neuroradiological features. Clin Neuroradiol. 2019;29(1):3\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00062-018-0726-9.","journal-title":"Clin Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3476_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carj.2016.10.007","volume":"68","author":"V Chaudhary","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chaudhary V, Bano S, Garga UC. Central nervous system tuberculosis: an imaging perspective. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2017;68(2):161\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carj.2016.10.007.","journal-title":"Can Assoc Radiol J"},{"key":"3476_CR21","unstructured":"Varun A. Central nervous system tuberculomas\u2013pathological correlation with imaging. SCTIMST. 2015."},{"issue":"1","key":"3476_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/idr.2013.e1","volume":"5","author":"RM Lober","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lober RM, Veeravagu A, Singh H. Brain tuberculoma in a non-endemic area. Infect Dis Rep. 2013;5(1):e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/idr.2013.e1.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"3476_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.06.011","volume":"59","author":"G Thwaites","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thwaites G, Fisher M, Hemingway C, et al. British infection society guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis of the central nervous system in adults and children. J Infect. 2009;59(3):167\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.06.011.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"3476_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/831292","volume":"2012","author":"T Takahashi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Takahashi T, Tamura M, Takasu T. The PCR-based diagnosis of central nervous system tuberculosis: up to date. Tuberc Res Treat. 2012;2012:1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/831292.","journal-title":"Tuberc Res Treat"},{"issue":"9","key":"3476_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.11.84","volume":"6","author":"SD Lawn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lawn SD, Nicol MP. Xpert MTB\/RIF assay: development, evaluation and implementation of a new rapid molecular diagnostic for tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance. Future Microbiol. 2011;6(9):1067\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/fmb.11.84.","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3476_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8039","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-08828-x","volume":"32","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Y, Liu Y, Liang Y, et al. Radiomics can differentiate high-grade glioma from brain metastasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2022;32(11):8039\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-022-08828-x.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3476_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26643","volume":"50","author":"M Artzi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Artzi M, Bressler I, Ben Bashat D. Differentiation between glioblastoma, brain metastasis and subtypes using radiomics analysis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2019;50(2):519\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.26643.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"3476_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-023-01300-0","volume":"46","author":"F Deng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Deng F, Liu Z, Fang W, et al. MRI radiomics for brain metastasis sub-pathology classification from non-small cell lung cancer: a machine learning, multicenter study. Phys Eng Sci Med. 2023;46(3):1309\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13246-023-01300-0.","journal-title":"Phys Eng Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3476_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-020-01287-2","volume":"44","author":"J Jeong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jeong J, Ojha U, Lee YM. Pathological angiogenesis and inflammation in tissues. Arch Pharm Res. 2021;44(1):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12272-020-01287-2.","journal-title":"Arch Pharm Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"3476_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2022.08.085","volume":"17","author":"J Boularab","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boularab J, Imrani K, Sahli H, Moatassim Billah N, Nassar I. Central nervous system tuberculosis in immunocompetent patients: two case reports with literature review. Radiol Case Rep. 2022;17(12):4622\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radcr.2022.08.085.","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40001-025-03476-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40001-025-03476-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40001-025-03476-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T03:01:51Z","timestamp":1765940511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40001-025-03476-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3476"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40001-025-03476-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-783X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-783X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Medical Ethics Review Committee of Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital ([2024] Research Ethics No. 118-001) approved this study, and patient informed consent was waived. This study adhered to the ethical standards set forth by the World Medical Association\u2019s Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All researchers agree to publish.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1239"}}