{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T13:19:34Z","timestamp":1774444774234,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Plan Project General Project","award":["23ZR1456400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZR1456400"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Project by Shanghai Putuo District","award":["ptkwwws202504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ptkwwws202504"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31800988"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31800988"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Med Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-026-04016-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T06:15:25Z","timestamp":1771308925000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiological characteristics of six respiratory pathogens in Putuo District of Shanghai from 2023 to 2024"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Guotai","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zixi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fenfen","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengzhe","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiawen","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"4016_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.05.034","volume":"27","author":"S Claassen-Weitz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Claassen-Weitz S, Lim KYL, Mullally C, et al. The association between bacteria colonizing the upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract infection in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021;27(9):1262\u201370.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"4016_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00379-22","volume":"10","author":"Y Demars","year":"2022","unstructured":"Demars Y, Brahier T, Rotzinger DC, et al. Utility of polymerase chain reaction in nasopharyngeal swabs for identifying respiratory bacteria causing community-acquired pneumonia. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(3):e0037922.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4016_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.26719\/2013.19.supp1.S39","volume":"19","author":"WH Seto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seto WH, Conly JM, Pessoa-Silva CL, et al. Infection prevention and control measures for acute respiratory infections in healthcare settings: an update. Eastern Mediterr Health J. 2013;19(1):S39-47.","journal-title":"Eastern Mediterr Health J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4016_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2016.11.007","volume":"38","author":"DS Hui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hui DS. Epidemic and emerging coronaviruses (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome). Clin Chest Med. 2017;38(1):71\u201386.","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"4016_CR5","first-page":"2019","volume-title":"Global influenza strategy 2019\u20132030","author":"World Health O","year":"2019","unstructured":"World Health O. Global influenza strategy 2019\u20132030. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. p. 2019."},{"issue":"10340","key":"4016_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00478-0","volume":"399","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Y, Wang X, Blau DM, et al. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet (London, England). 2022;399(10340):2047\u201364.","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4016_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yapd.2024.02.003","volume":"71","author":"ARP Rago","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rago ARP, D\u2019Arrigo SF, Osmani M, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus: epidemiology, burden of disease, and clinical update. Adv Pediatr. 2024;71(1):107\u201318.","journal-title":"Adv Pediatr"},{"key":"4016_CR8","unstructured":"Influenza (seasonal) 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/influenza-(seasonal)."},{"key":"4016_CR9","unstructured":"Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences National Cancer Institute. 2024. https:\/\/surveillance.cancer.gov\/help\/joinpoint\/tech-help\/frequently-asked-questions\/zeros-in-the-dependent-variable."},{"key":"4016_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050733","author":"SLS Yam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yam SLS, Baguio JMJ, Chan RWY. Pediatric respiratory viral infection. Viruses. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16050733.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"4016_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116178","author":"A Gambadauro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gambadauro A, Galletta F, Li Pomi A, et al. Immune response to respiratory viral infections. Int J Mol Sci. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25116178.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4016_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.08.010","volume":"61","author":"SA Butt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Butt SA, Maceira VP, McCallen ME, et al. Comparison of three commercial RT-PCR systems for the detection of respiratory viruses. J Clin Virol. 2014;61(3):406\u201310.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"4016_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12030427","author":"G Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang G, Zhu H, Zhan C, et al. Establishment and application of a quadruplex real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for differentiation of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Porcine Circovirus Type 2, Porcine Circovirus Type 3, and Streptococcus suis. Microorganisms. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12030427.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"4016_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-012420-022445","volume":"7","author":"M Moriyama","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moriyama M, Hugentobler WJ, Iwasaki A. Seasonality of respiratory viral infections. Annu Rev Virol. 2020;7(1):83\u2013101.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4016_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172809","volume":"12","author":"B Visseaux","year":"2017","unstructured":"Visseaux B, Collin G, Ichou H, et al. Usefulness of multiplex PCR methods and respiratory viruses\u2019 distribution in children below 15 years old according to age, seasons and clinical units in France: a 3 years retrospective study. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(2):e0172809.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4016_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0493-7","volume":"13","author":"H Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang H, Zheng Y, Deng J, et al. Prevalence of respiratory viruses among children hospitalized from respiratory infections in Shenzhen, China. Virol J. 2016;13:39.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"2","key":"4016_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300704","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.2.2300704","volume":"29","author":"C Gong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gong C, Huang F, Suo L, et al. Increase of respiratory illnesses among children in Beijing, China, during the autumn and winter of 2023. Eurosurveillance. 2024;29(2):2300704.","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"issue":"1","key":"4016_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84822-1","volume":"15","author":"Y Zeng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zeng Y, Wang G, Yang H, et al. Estimating the prevalence of six common respiratory viral infections in Zhangzhou, China using nasopharyngeal swabs in adults and throat swabs in Children. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):487.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"49","key":"4016_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2023.206","volume":"5","author":"D Zhanwei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhanwei D, Zengyang S, Xiao Z, et al. Nowcasting and forecasting seasonal influenza epidemics\u2014China, 2022\u20132023. China CDC Weekly. 2023;5(49):1100\u20136.","journal-title":"China CDC Weekly"},{"issue":"1","key":"4016_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01147-3","volume":"12","author":"LL Deng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Deng LL, Han YJ, Li ZW, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of seven notifiable respiratory infectious diseases in the mainland of China: an analysis of national surveillance data from 2017 to 2021. Infect Dis Poverty. 2023;12(1):99.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"12","key":"4016_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.26193","volume":"26","author":"D Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang D, Zhou M, Wang P, et al. Treatment-na\u00efve people living with HIV aged 50 years or older in Beijing, China, 2010\u20132020: joinpoint regression model analysis of surveillance data. J Int AIDS Soc. 2023;26(12):e26193.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"4016_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1102747","volume":"11","author":"N Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao N, Wang S, Wang L, et al. Epidemiological features and trends in the mortality rates of 10 notifiable respiratory infectious diseases in China from 2004 to 2020: based on national surveillance. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1102747.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4016_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.10.020803","volume":"10","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang Y, Dou X, Yan C, et al. Epidemiological characteristics and trends of notifiable infectious diseases in China from 1986 to 2016. J Glob Health. 2020;10(2):020803.","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"6-7","key":"4016_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2020.05.005","volume":"22","author":"C Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang C, Yao X, Zhao Y, et al. Comparative review of respiratory diseases caused by coronaviruses and influenza A viruses during epidemic season. Microbes Infect. 2020;22(6\u20137):236\u201344.","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"4016_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-023-00793-9","volume":"20","author":"XB Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang XB, He W, Gui YH, et al. Current Mycoplasma pneumoniae epidemic among children in Shanghai: unusual pneumonia caused by usual pathogen. World J Pediatr. 2024;20(1):5\u201310.","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"4016_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02463-24","volume":"13","author":"C Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li C, Rao J, Wang X, et al. Navigating the outbreak: a comprehensive analysis of pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia via targeted next-generation sequencing in Wuhan, 2022-2023. Microbiol Spectr. 2025;13(5):e0246324.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4016_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-024-02458-z","volume":"21","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Y, Wu M, Liang Y, et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection outbreak in Guangzhou, China after COVID-19 pandemic. Virol J. 2024;21(1):183.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"3","key":"4016_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/09674845.2015.11666809","volume":"72","author":"MS Kabir","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kabir MS, Clements MO, Atkins M, et al. Application of RT-Bst to enhance detection of pathogenic viruses of the respiratory tract. Br J Biomed Sci. 2015;72(3):128\u201334.","journal-title":"Br J Biomed Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4016_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.5578\/mb.8221","volume":"48","author":"C Ci\u00e7ek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ci\u00e7ek C, Bayram N, An\u0131l M, et al. Simultaneous detection of respiratory viruses and influenza A virus subtypes using multiplex PCR. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2014;48(4):652\u201360.","journal-title":"Mikrobiyol Bul"},{"issue":"12","key":"4016_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-025-01225-3","volume":"23","author":"P Deol","year":"2025","unstructured":"Deol P, Miura TA. Respiratory viral coinfections: interactions, mechanisms and clinical implications. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2025;23(12):757\u201370.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40001-026-04016-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40001-026-04016-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40001-026-04016-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T10:37:05Z","timestamp":1774435025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40001-026-04016-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40001-026-04016-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-783X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-783X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"438"}}