{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T13:00:15Z","timestamp":1775653215290,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Supporting Start-up Fund for Associate Researcher of SAHSYSU","award":["ZSQYRSSFAR0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZSQYRSSFAR0004"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology","award":["LCYSSQ20220823091203008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCYSSQ20220823091203008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Med Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum uric acid (SUA) levels have been reported to be associated with various diseases, with both high and low levels potentially influencing inflammatory processes. However, epidemiological studies investigating the relationship between SUA levels, and the risk of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) are still limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cohort study recruited 438155 participants from the UK Biobank, with follow-up 2006 to 2010. During a mean follow-up of 12.6\u00a0years, we diagnosed 1904 cases of UC and 913 cases of CD. To assess the relationship between SUA levels and the incidence of UC and CD we categorized SUA levels (mg\/dL) into six gender-specific quartiles (Q1\u2013Q6) and performed Cox regression analysis with restricted cubic splines. Subsequently, we used Cox proportional hazards regression to analyze the effects of SUA levels on the risk of UC and CD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the analysis of UC, low SUA level-Q1 (SUA\u2009&lt;\u20094.0\u00a0mg\/dL) was consistently linked to an elevated risk across both statistical models (Model 1: HR\u2009=\u20091.27, 95% CI 1.03\u20131.56,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.025; Model 2: HR\u2009=\u20091.30, 95% CI 1.04\u20131.62,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.020). For CD, high SUA level-Q6 (SUA\u2009\u2265\u20098.0\u00a0mg\/dL) was significantly associated with an increased risk (HR\u2009=\u20091.50, 95% CI 1.11\u20132.03,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008). In subgroup analyses, low SUA levels were significantly associated with an increased risk of UC, particularly among males. Conversely, high SUA levels were significantly linked to an elevated risk of CD, especially in females. These associations were also observed in several specific subgroups, including participants aged 60\u00a0years or older, individuals with a body mass index (BMI)\u2009\u2265\u200925\u00a0kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , alcohol drinkers, and never-smokers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is the first to propose that SUA levels may serve as differential risk factors for UC and CD. Specifically, low SUA levels were associated with an increased risk of UC, whereas high levels were linked to a higher risk of CD. Subgroup analyses further identified additional risk factors. These findings provide novel insights into the distinct roles of SUA in the pathogenesis of UC and CD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-026-04030-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T13:35:34Z","timestamp":1770903334000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Relationship between serum uric acid and risk of ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Yijing","family":"Tie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinqiu","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"4030_CR1","unstructured":"The global, regional, and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;5:17\u201330."},{"key":"4030_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2022.12.024","volume":"55","author":"P Sousa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sousa P, Bertani L, Rodrigues C. Management of inflammatory bowel disease in the elderly: a review. Dig Liver Dis. 2023;55:1001\u20139.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"4030_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.06.030","volume":"21","author":"MJ Buie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buie MJ, Quan J, Windsor JW, et al. Global Hospitalization trends for Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis in the 21st century: a systematic review with temporal analyses. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21:2211\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4030_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.12.282","author":"ME Kuenzig","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kuenzig ME, Fung SG, Marderfeld L, et al. Twenty-first century trends in the global epidemiology of pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.12.282.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"4030_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.08.013","author":"L Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu L, He B, Sun Y, et al. Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in urban China: a\u00a0nationwide population-based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.08.013.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4030_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.06.030","volume":"18","author":"PG Kotze","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kotze PG, Underwood FE, Dami\u00e3o AOMC, et al. Progression of inflammatory bowel diseases throughout Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18:304\u201312.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4030_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2023.02.001","volume":"112","author":"X Tian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tian X, Chen S, Zhang Y, et al. Serum uric acid variation and the risk of cardiovascular disease: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Intern Med. 2023;112:37\u201344.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"4030_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0441-1","volume":"16","author":"M Dehlin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dehlin M, Jacobsson L, Roddy E. Global epidemiology of gout: prevalence, incidence, treatment patterns and risk factors. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020;16:380\u201390.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"4030_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30731","volume":"141","author":"J Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang J, Wang Y, Zhao Q, et al. Association of serum uric acid with increased risk of cancer among hypertensive Chinese. Int J Cancer. 2017;141:112\u201320.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"4030_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33807","volume":"150","author":"N Mi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mi N, Huang J, Huang C, et al. High serum uric acid may associate with the increased risk of colorectal cancer in females: a prospective cohort study. Int J Cancer. 2022;150:263\u201372.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"4030_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1282890","volume":"14","author":"D Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li D, Yuan S, Deng Y, et al. The dysregulation of immune cells induced by uric acid: mechanisms of inflammation associated with hyperuricemia and its complications. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1282890.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4030_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.313224","volume":"40","author":"Y Kimura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kimura Y, Yanagida T, Onda A, et al. Soluble uric acid promotes atherosclerosis via AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase)-mediated inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40:570\u201382.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"4030_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c01513","volume":"71","author":"B Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang B, Xin M, Liang S, et al. Naringenin ameliorates hyperuricemia by regulating renal uric acid excretion via the PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway and renal inflammation through the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway. J Agric Food Chem. 2023;71:1434\u201346.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"4030_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42009","volume":"74","author":"J Wei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei J, Zhang Y, Dalbeth N, et al. association between gut microbiota and elevated serum urate in two independent cohorts. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2022;74:682\u201391.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"4030_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10665","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.43528","volume":"10","author":"J Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu J, Wei Z, Cheng P, et al. Rhein modulates host purine metabolism in intestine through gut microbiota and ameliorates experimental colitis. Theranostics. 2020;10:10665\u201379.","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"4030_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.804306","volume":"13","author":"S Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song S, Lou Y, Mao Y, et al. Alteration of gut microbiome and correlated amino acid metabolism contribute to hyperuricemia and Th17-driven inflammation in Uox-KO mice. Front Immunol. 2022;13:804306.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4030_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2024.05.033","volume":"106","author":"RJ Johnson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Johnson RJ, Mandell BF, Schlesinger N, et al. Controversies and practical management of patients with gout and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2024;106:573\u201382.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"4030_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-1339","volume":"46","author":"B Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li B, Chen L, Hu X, et al. Association of serum uric acid with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2023;46:425\u201333.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4030_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32126-2","volume":"389","author":"R Ungaro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ungaro R, Mehandru S, Allen PB, et al. Ulcerative colitis. Lancet. 2017;389:1756\u201370.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4030_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01916-y","volume":"9","author":"L Du","year":"2024","unstructured":"Du L, Zong Y, Li H, et al. Hyperuricemia and its related diseases: mechanisms and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9:212.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"4030_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1217165","volume":"14","author":"DK Sahoo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sahoo DK, Heilmann RM, Paital B, et al. Oxidative stress, hormones, and effects of natural antioxidants on intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Endocrinol. 2023;14:1217165.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"4030_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326305","volume":"72","author":"N-Y Hsu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hsu N-Y, Nayar S, Gettler K, et al. NOX1 is essential for TNF\u03b1-induced intestinal epithelial ROS secretion and inhibits M cell signatures. Gut. 2022;72:654\u201362.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"4030_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31171-0","volume":"13","author":"J Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou J, Li M, Chen Q, et al. Programmable probiotics modulate inflammation and gut microbiota for inflammatory bowel disease treatment after effective oral delivery. Nat Commun. 2022;13:3432.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4030_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111411","author":"H Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu H, Johnston LJ, Wang F, et al. Triggers for the Nrf2\/ARE signaling pathway and its nutritional regulation: potential therapeutic applications of ulcerative colitis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222111411.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4030_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051255","author":"N Otani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Otani N, Ouchi M, Mizuta E, et al. Dysuricemia-a new concept encompassing hyperuricemia and hypouricemia. Biomedicines. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines11051255.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"4030_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10071371","author":"J Gubatan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gubatan J, Boye TL, Temby M, et al. Gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease: role in pathogenesis, dietary modulation, and colitis-associated colon cancer. Microorganisms. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10071371.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"4030_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.925119","volume":"13","author":"M Liang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liang M, Liu J, Chen W, et al. Diagnostic model for predicting hyperuricemia based on alterations of the gut microbiome in individuals with different serum uric acid levels. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:925119.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"4030_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.761757","volume":"11","author":"W Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang W, Wang T, Guo R, et al. Variation of serum uric acid is associated with gut microbiota in patients with diabetes mellitus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:761757.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"4030_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2119934","volume":"64","author":"L Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun L, Ni C, Zhao J, et al. Probiotics, bioactive compounds and dietary patterns for the effective management of hyperuricemia: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2024;64:2016\u201331.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"4030_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00277","volume":"10","author":"D Parada Venegas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parada Venegas D, De la Fuente MK, Landskron G, et al. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-Mediated gut epithelial and immune regulation and its relevance for inflammatory bowel diseases. Front Immunol. 2019;10:277.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4030_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02556-5","volume":"29","author":"GR Martini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martini GR, Tikhonova E, Rosati E, et al. Selection of cross-reactive T cells by commensal and food-derived yeasts drives cytotoxic TH1 cell responses in Crohn\u2019s disease. Nat Med. 2023;29:2602\u201314.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"4030_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22164-6","volume":"12","author":"N Jaeger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jaeger N, Gamini R, Cella M, et al. Single-cell analyses of Crohn\u2019s disease tissues reveal intestinal intraepithelial T cells heterogeneity and altered subset distributions. Nat Commun. 2021;12:1921.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4030_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01826-9","volume":"12","author":"X Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou X, Ji S, Chen L, et al. Gut microbiota dysbiosis in hyperuricaemia promotes renal injury through the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Microbiome. 2024;12:109.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"4030_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-020-01409-y","volume":"70","author":"Q Lv","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lv Q, Xu D, Ma J, et al. Uric acid drives intestinal barrier dysfunction through TSPO-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Inflamm Res. 2021;70:127\u201337.","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"4030_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2018.11.018","author":"S Mehto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mehto S, Jena KK, Nath P, et al. The Crohn\u2019s disease risk factor IRGM limits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by impeding its assembly and by mediating its selective autophagy. Mol Cell. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molcel.2018.11.018.","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"4030_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.05.011","author":"K Kasahara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kasahara K, Kerby RL, Zhang Q, et al. Gut bacterial metabolism contributes to host global purine homeostasis. Cell Host Microbe. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2023.05.011.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"4030_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0331-7","volume":"17","author":"MR Kudelka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kudelka MR, Stowell SR, Cummings RD, et al. Intestinal epithelial glycosylation in homeostasis and gut microbiota interactions in IBD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;17:597\u2013617.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4030_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.11.015","volume":"56","author":"C Foppa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Foppa C, Rizkala T, Repici A, et al. Microbiota and IBD: current knowledge and future perspectives. Dig Liver Dis. 2024;56:911\u201322.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"4030_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.027","author":"T Tuganbaev","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tuganbaev T, Mor U, Bashiardes S, et al. Diet diurnally regulates small intestinal microbiome-epithelial-immune homeostasis and enteritis. Cell. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.027.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"4030_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2019.1635384","volume":"16","author":"A Larabi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Larabi A, Barnich N, Nguyen HTT. New insights into the interplay between autophagy, gut microbiota and inflammatory responses in IBD. Autophagy. 2020;16:38\u201351.","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"4030_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2016.1270810","volume":"8","author":"LF Butt\u00f3","year":"2017","unstructured":"Butt\u00f3 LF, Haller D. Dysbiosis in Crohn\u2019s disease - joint action of stochastic injuries and focal inflammation in the gut. Gut Microbes. 2017;8:53\u20138.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"4030_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.074","author":"V Mitsialis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mitsialis V, Wall S, Liu P, et al. Single-cell analyses of colon and blood reveal distinct immune cell signatures of ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease. Gastroenterology. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.074.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"4030_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03084-5","volume":"23","author":"D-Y Kang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kang D-Y, Park J-L, Yeo M-K, et al. Diagnosis of Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis using the microbiome. BMC Microbiol. 2023;23:336.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"4030_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-00996-9","volume":"24","author":"KS Forsyth","year":"2024","unstructured":"Forsyth KS, Jiwrajka N, Lovell CD, et al. The conneXion between sex and immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol. 2024;24:487\u2013502.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"4030_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.11.040","volume":"226","author":"R Bao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bao R, Chen B, Wang A, et al. Intestinal FXR deficiency induces dysregulation of xanthine oxidase and accounts for sex difference in hyperuricemia. Free Radic Biol Med. 2024;226:374\u201388.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"4030_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-017-0429-2","volume":"25","author":"JG Holler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holler JG, Henriksen DP, Mikkelsen S, et al. Erratum to: Shock in the emergency department; a 12 year population based cohort study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2017;25:103.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"key":"4030_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.08.031","volume":"20","author":"C-H Lo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lo C-H, Khandpur N, Rossato SL, et al. Ultra-processed foods and risk of Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis: a prospective cohort study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;20:e1323\u201337.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40001-026-04030-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40001-026-04030-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40001-026-04030-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T11:55:29Z","timestamp":1775649329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40001-026-04030-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40001-026-04030-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-783X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-783X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The UK Biobank study has approval from the Northwest Multi-center Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 11\/NW\/0382), and all participants provided written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The author has reviewed and approved the final version of this manuscript and consent to its publication and confirms that the manuscript is an original work and has not been previously published nor is under consideration for publication elsewhere.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"518"}}