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These vesicles can be generated and internalized by different brain cells including neurons, neural stem cells, astrocytes, and microglia, thereby affecting neural plasticity and cognitive functions in physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we review data on the roles of exosomes as carriers of bioactive molecules potentially involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders and detectable in biological fluids as biomarkers of dementia. We also discuss the experimental evidence of the therapeutic potential of stem cell-derived vesicles in experimental models of neurodegeneration-dependent cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-022-00326-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]],"date-time":"2022-11-27T20:07:59Z","timestamp":1669579679000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Dual role of brain-derived extracellular vesicles in dementia-related neurodegenerative disorders: cargo of disease spreading signals and diagnostic-therapeutic molecules"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Natale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3294-0016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Fusco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"326_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a036434","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a036434","volume":"12","author":"BJ Andreone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andreone BJ, Larhammar M, Lewcock JW. 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