{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:33:02Z","timestamp":1790800382773,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82071422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071422"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Neurodegener"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Dorsal nigral hyperintensity (DNH) abnormality associated with excessive iron deposition in the substantia nigra, is recognized as an imaging characteristic of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and can be effectively visualized using 7T MRI. This study was aimed to develop and validate the optimal DNH assessment method as a biomarker for PD, idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD), and Parkinson-plus syndromes, and to explore the nigral iron deposition patterns in these diseases.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Three-dimensional gradient-echo T2*-weighted images were acquired by 7T MRI from a total of 402 patients and 100 healthy controls (HCs) in two independent cohorts (development and validation cohorts). Seven methods, including four dichotomous methods and three DNH rating scales, were used to assess DNH and evaluate their diagnostic performance. R2* mapping and principal component analysis were performed to assess nigral iron deposition patterns.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Bilateral DNH detection rates in the development cohort were 22.6% for early-stage PD, 3.7% for advanced PD, 93.5% for iRBD, 5.7% for MSA-parkinsonian type, 78.8% for MSA-cerebellar type, 11.8% for progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and 100% for HC, with similar rates in the validation cohort. A cut-off of 6 on the 6-point visibility scale demonstrated a 100% accuracy for diagnosing early-stage PD in both the development and the validation cohorts. This scale exhibited moderate differential diagnostic performance between early-stage PD and iRBD (area under the curve [AUC]\u2009=\u20090.940) or MSA-C (AUC\u2009=\u20090.892). Iron deposition was predominantly in the dorsal and posterior substantia nigra of PD and PSP, the intermediate and posterior substantia nigra of MSA-P, and the ventral substantia nigra of MSA-C.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>DNH may be preserved in approximately one-quarter of early-stage PD and most MSA-C cases. The 6-point visibility scale on 7T effectively distinguished PD from HC, iRBD, and MSA-C. The nigral iron deposition pattern in PD may help distinguish PD from MSA-P and MSA-C, although it overlaps with that of PSP.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-025-00495-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T03:15:28Z","timestamp":1751598928000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dorsal hyperintensity and iron deposition patterns in the substantia nigra of Parkinson\u2019s disease, idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder, and Parkinson-plus syndromes at 7T MRI: a prospective diagnostic study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dongning","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanlin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Suo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiqing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huizi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaodong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhirong","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangfei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce S. T.","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"495_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-019-0964-5","volume":"19","author":"S Prange","year":"2019","unstructured":"Prange S, Metereau E, Thobois S. Structural imaging in Parkinson\u2019s disease: new developments. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2019;19(8):50.","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"495_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31829e6fd2","volume":"81","author":"AI Blazejewska","year":"2013","unstructured":"Blazejewska AI, Schwarz ST, Pitiot A, Stephenson MC, Lowe J, Bajaj N, et al. Visualization of nigrosome 1 and its loss in PD: pathoanatomical correlation and in vivo 7 T MRI. Neurology. 2013;81(6):534\u201340.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"495_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.212696","volume":"305","author":"M Brammerloh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brammerloh M, Kirilina E, Alkemade A, Bazin PL, Jantzen C, J\u00e4ger C, et al. Swallow tail sign: revisited. Radiology. 2022;305(3):674\u20137.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-021-01145-2","volume":"9","author":"I Friedrich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Friedrich I, Reimann K, Jankuhn S, Kirilina E, Stieler J, Sonntag M, et al. Cell specific quantitative iron mapping on brain slices by immuno-\u00b5PIXE in healthy elderly and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2021;9(1):47.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"495_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.10.029","volume":"44","author":"B Yao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yao B, Li T, Gelderen P, Shmueli K, Dezwart J, Duyn J. Susceptibility contrast in high field MRI of human brain as a function of tissue iron content. Neuroimage. 2009;44(4):1259\u201366.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"495_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.05.027","volume":"19","author":"ST Schwarz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schwarz ST, Mougin O, Xing Y, Blazejewska A, Bajaj N, Auer DP, et al. Parkinson\u2019s disease related signal change in the nigrosomes 1\u20135 and the substantia nigra using T2* weighted 7T MRI. NeuroImage: Clin. 2018;19:683\u20139.","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"495_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22592","volume":"71","author":"D Kwon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kwon D, Kim J, Oh S, Jeong H, Park S, Oh E, et al. Seven-tesla magnetic resonance images of the substantia nigra in Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol. 2012;71(2):267\u201377.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"495_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.07.002","volume":"78","author":"MT Chau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chau MT, Todd G, Wilcox R, Agzarian M, Bezak E. Diagnostic accuracy of the appearance of Nigrosome-1 on magnetic resonance imaging in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020;78:12\u201320.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"495_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119454","volume":"260","author":"M Lancione","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lancione M, Donatelli G, Del Prete E, Campese N, Frosini D, Cencini M, et al. Evaluation of iron overload in nigrosome 1 via quantitative susceptibility mapping as a progression biomarker in prodromal stages of synucleinopathies. Neuroimage. 2022;260:119454.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-017-0975-2","volume":"17","author":"MA Schmidt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schmidt MA, Engelhorn T, Marxreiter F, Winkler J, Lang S, Kloska S, et al. Ultra high-field SWI of the substantia nigra at 7T: reliability and consistency of the swallow-tail sign. BMC Neurol. 2017;17(1):194.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"495_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0185489","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185489","volume":"12","author":"C Gramsch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gramsch C, Reuter I, Kraff O, Quick HH, Tanislav C, Roessler F, et al. Nigrosome 1 visibility at susceptibility weighted 7T MRI\u2014A dependable diagnostic marker for Parkinson\u2019s disease or merely an inconsistent, age-dependent imaging finding? PLoS ONE. 2017;12(10):e0185489.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"495_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4412","volume":"36","author":"Y Noh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Noh Y, Sung YH, Lee J, Kim EY. Nigrosome 1 detection at 3T MRI for the diagnosis of early-stage idiopathic Parkinson disease: assessment of diagnostic accuracy and agreement on imaging asymmetry and clinical laterality. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015;36(11):2010\u20136.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"495_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185120920793","volume":"62","author":"X Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu X, Wang N, Chen C, Wu PY, Piao S, Geng D, et al. Swallow tail sign on susceptibility map-weighted imaging (SMWI) for disease diagnosing and severity evaluating in parkinsonism. Acta Radiol. 2021;62(2):234\u201342.","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"495_CR14","first-page":"1460","volume":"39","author":"N Pyatigorskaya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pyatigorskaya N, Magnin B, Mongin M, Yahia-Cherif L, Valabregue R, Arnaldi D, et al. Comparative study of MRI biomarkers in the substantia nigra to discriminate idiopathic Parkinson disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2018;39(8):1460\u20137.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"495_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.01.023","volume":"26","author":"JM Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim JM, Jeong HJ, Bae YJ, Park SY, Kim E, Kang SY, et al. Loss of substantia nigra hyperintensity on 7 Tesla MRI of Parkinson\u2019s disease, multiple system atrophy, and progressive supranuclear palsy. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016;26:47\u201354.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"495_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1529-2","volume":"123","author":"D Frosini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Frosini D, Ceravolo R, Tosetti M, Bonuccelli U, Cosottini M. Nigral involvement in atypical parkinsonisms: evidence from a pilot study with ultra-high field MRI. J Neural Transm. 2016;123(5):509\u201313.","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410320716","volume":"32","author":"DT Dexter","year":"1992","unstructured":"Dexter DT, Jenner P, Schapira AHV, Marsden CD. The royal kings and queens Parkinson\u2019s disease research group. Alterations in levels of iron, ferritin, and other trace metals in neurodegenerative diseases affecting the basal ganglia. Ann Neurol. 1992;32(1):94\u2013100.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82469-w","volume":"11","author":"H Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee H, Lee MJ, Kim EJ, Huh GY, Lee JH, Cho H. Iron accumulation in the oculomotor nerve of the progressive supranuclear palsy brain. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):2950.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"495_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-223499","volume":"12","author":"D Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang D, Yao J, Sun J, Tong Q, Zhu S, Wang J, et al. Quantitative susceptibility mapping and free water imaging of substantia nigra in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Parkinsons Dis. 2022;12(8):2469\u201378.","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"495_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","volume":"30","author":"RB Postuma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Postuma RB, Berg D, Stern M, Poewe W, Olanow CW, Oertel W, et al. MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease: MDS-PD clinical diagnostic criteria. Mov Disord. 2015;30(12):1591\u2013601.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"495_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26987","volume":"32","author":"GU H\u00f6glinger","year":"2017","unstructured":"H\u00f6glinger GU, Respondek G, Stamelou M, Kurz C, Josephs KA, Lang AE, et al. Clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy: the movement disorder society criteria: MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for PSP. Mov Disord. 2017;32(6):853\u201364.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"495_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000324625.00404.15","volume":"71","author":"S Gilman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gilman S, Wenning GK, Low PA, Brooks DJ, Mathias CJ, Trojanowski JQ, et al. Second consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Neurology. 2008;71(9):670\u20136.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"495_CR23","unstructured":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine, editor. International classification of sleep disorders. 3. ed. Darien, Ill: American Acad. of Sleep Medicine; 2014"},{"key":"495_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00167","volume":"11","author":"Z Cheng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheng Z, Zhang J, He N, Li Y, Wen Y, Xu H, et al. Radiomic features of the nigrosome-1 region of the substantia nigra: using quantitative susceptibility mapping to assist the diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019;11:167.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"495_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27386","volume":"53","author":"N Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang N, Liu X, Li L, Zuo C, Wang J, Wu P, et al. Screening for early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease: swallow tail sign on MRI susceptibility map-weighted images compared with PET. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2021;53(3):722\u201330.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2007.06.004","volume":"12","author":"B Avants","year":"2008","unstructured":"Avants B, Epstein C, Grossman M, Gee J. Symmetric diffeomorphic image registration with cross-correlation: evaluating automated labeling of elderly and neurodegenerative brain. Med Image Anal. 2008;12(1):26\u201341.","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"495_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117611","volume":"227","author":"KS Chan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chan KS, Marques JP. SEPIA\u2014susceptibility mapping pipeline tool for phase images. Neuroimage. 2021;227:117611.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140050","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2014.50","volume":"1","author":"BU Forstmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Forstmann BU, Keuken MC, Schafer A, Bazin PL, Alkemade A, Turner R. Multi-modal ultra-high resolution structural 7-Tesla MRI data repository. Sci Data. 2014;1(1):140050.","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"issue":"5","key":"495_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(99)70346-X","volume":"33","author":"SR Hayden","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hayden SR, Brown MD. Likelihood ratio: a powerful tool for incorporating the results of a diagnostic test into clinical decisionmaking. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;33(5):575\u201380.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"495_CR30","first-page":"1188","volume":"17","author":"BM Ellingson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ellingson BM, Bendszus M, Boxerman J, Barboriak D, Erickson BJ, Smits M, et al. Consensus recommendations for a standardized brain tumor imaging protocol in clinical trials. Neuro Oncol. 2015;17(9):1188\u201398.","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"495_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.08.002","volume":"43","author":"D Frosini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Frosini D, Cosottini M, Donatelli G, Costagli M, Biagi L, Pacchetti C, et al. Seven tesla MRI of the substantia nigra in patients with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2017;43:105\u20139.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"495_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24646","volume":"79","author":"R De Marzi","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Marzi R, Seppi K, H\u00f6gl B, M\u00fcller C, Scherfler C, Stefani A, et al. Loss of dorsolateral nigral hyperintensity on 3.0 tesla susceptibility-weighted imaging in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Ann Neurol. 2016;79(6):1026\u201330.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.50962","volume":"7","author":"TR Barber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barber TR, Griffanti L, Bradley KM, McGowan DR, Lo C, Mackay CE, et al. Nigrosome 1 imaging in REM sleep behavior disorder and its association with dopaminergic decline. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2020;7(1):26\u201335.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0016-5","volume":"4","author":"Y Dauvilliers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dauvilliers Y, Schenck CH, Postuma RB, Iranzo A, Luppi PH, Plazzi G, et al. REM sleep behaviour disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4(1):19.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"3","key":"495_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz030","volume":"142","author":"RB Postuma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Postuma RB, Iranzo A, Hu M, H\u00f6gl B, Boeve BF, Manni R, et al. Risk and predictors of dementia and parkinsonism in idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder: a multicentre study. Brain. 2019;142(3):744\u201359.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-023-00356-y","volume":"12","author":"JH Shin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shin JH, Kim H, Kim YK, Yoon EJ, Nam H, Jeon B, et al. Longitudinal evolution of cortical thickness signature reflecting Lewy body dementia in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder: a prospective cohort study. Transl Neurodegener. 2023;12(1):27.","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"key":"495_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.12659\/PJR.897090","volume":"81","author":"FJA Meijer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meijer FJA, Steens SC, Van Rumund A, Van Van Cappellen Walsum AM, K\u00fcsters B, Esselink RAJ, et al. Nigrosome-1 on susceptibility weighted imaging to differentiate Parkinson\u2019s disease from atypical Parkinsonism: an in vivo and ex vivo pilot study. Pol J Radiol. 2016;81:363\u20139.","journal-title":"Pol J Radiol"},{"key":"495_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2018.10.032","volume":"109","author":"SF Calloni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Calloni SF, Conte G, Sbaraini S, Cilia R, Contarino VE, Avignone S, et al. Multiparametric MR imaging of Parkinsonisms at 3 tesla: Its role in the differentiation of idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease versus atypical Parkinsonian disorders. Eur J Radiol. 2018;109:95\u2013100.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"495_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13091","volume":"8","author":"H Kathuria","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kathuria H, Mehta S, Ahuja CK, Chakravarty K, Ray S, Mittal BR, et al. Utility of imaging of nigrosome-1 on 3T MRI and its comparison with 18F-DOPA PET in the diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson disease and atypical Parkinsonism. Movement Disord Clin Pract. 2021;8(2):224\u201330.","journal-title":"Movement Disord Clin Pract"},{"issue":"S12","key":"495_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20537","volume":"20","author":"KA Jellinger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jellinger KA, Seppi K, Wenning GK. Grading of neuropathology in multiple system atrophy: proposal for a novel scale. Mov Disord. 2005;20(S12):S29-36.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-191710","volume":"10","author":"S Sakakibara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sakakibara S, Hashimoto R, Katayama T, Kenjyo M, Yokokawa Y, Saito Y, et al. Longitudinal change of DAT SPECT in Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple system atrophy. J Parkinsons Dis. 2019;10(1):123\u201330.","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"495_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26584","volume":"31","author":"YJ Bae","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bae YJ, Kim J, Kim E, Lee KM, Kang SY, Park HS, et al. Loss of nigral hyperintensity on 3 Tesla MRI of Parkinsonism: comparison with123 I-FP-CIT SPECT. Mov Disord. 2016;31(5):684\u201392.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00631-3","volume":"10","author":"DA Lakhani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lakhani DA, Zhou X, Tao S, Patel V, Wen S, Okromelidze L, et al. Diagnostic utility of 7T neuromelanin imaging of the substantia nigra in Parkinson\u2019s disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2024;10(1):13.","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s43657-022-00077-8","volume":"3","author":"FT Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu FT, Lu JY, Sun YM, Li L, Yang YJ, Zhao J, et al. Dopaminergic dysfunction and glucose metabolism characteristics in Parkin-induced early-onset Parkinson\u2019s disease compared to genetically undetermined early-onset Parkinson\u2019s disease. Phenomics. 2023;3(1):22\u201333.","journal-title":"Phenomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.65.1.60","volume":"65","author":"B Jeon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jeon B, Kim JM, Jeong JM, Kim KM, Chang YS, Lee DS, et al. Dopamine transporter imaging with [123I]-beta -CIT demonstrates presynaptic nigrostriatal dopaminergic damage in Wilson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65(1):60\u20134.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"495_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.281","volume":"67","author":"N Br\u00fcggemann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Br\u00fcggemann N, Hagenah J, Reetz K, Schmidt A, Kasten M, Buchmann I, et al. Recessively inherited parkinsonism: effect of ATP13A2 mutations on the clinical and neuroimaging phenotype. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(11):1357\u201363.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12576","volume":"29","author":"T Kau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kau T, Hametner S, Endmayr V, Deistung A, Prihoda M, Haimburger E, et al. Microvessels may confound the \u201cswallow tail sign\u201d in normal aged midbrains: a postmortem 7 T SW-MRI study. J Neuroimaging. 2019;29(1):65\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"495_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618435","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.618435","volume":"15","author":"P Ravanfar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ravanfar P, Loi SM, Syeda WT, Van Rheenen TE, Bush AI, Desmond P, et al. Systematic review: quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) of brain iron profile in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:618435.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Translational Neurodegeneration"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40035-025-00495-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40035-025-00495-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40035-025-00495-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T04:03:12Z","timestamp":1751601792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/translationalneurodegeneration.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40035-025-00495-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40035-025-00495-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-9158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-9158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University. All participants had provided written informed consent. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"35"}}