{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:29:13Z","timestamp":1788276553737,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Fifth Batch of National Traditional Chinese Medicine Excellent Clinical Talents Training Project","award":["No. 2022-239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2022-239"]}]},{"name":"the Project of the Innovation Research Team of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine"},{"name":"the Project Funded by the Six Talent Project in Jiangsu Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Leading Talents Program","award":["SLJ0229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SLJ0229"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81873027; 81573635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81873027; 81573635"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Qing-Lan Project of Jiangsu Province"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Neurodegener"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Neurodegenerative diseases are increasingly linked to abnormalities in the gut\u2013brain axis, yet the local intestinal interface at which luminal and mucosal perturbations are related with the central nervous system remains poorly defined. The gut neuroepithelial unit (GNU) is proposed as a localized mucosal signalling interface composed of sensory epithelial cells, enteric neurons, glia and adjacent immune-stromal elements that detect, encode and route intestinal information into neural, endocrine and immune outputs. This framework shifts the intestine from being a diffuse upstream modifier of brain pathology to a mesoscopic unit through which microbial products, barrier dysfunction, inflammatory cues and metabolic signals are transformed into disease-relevant gut-to-brain communication. Particularly, in Parkinson\u2019s disease and Alzheimer\u2019s disease, the GNU may function as a conditional interface that amplifies, filters or biases peripheral signals before they engage central circuits. The GNU therefore provides a tractable framework for mechanistic dissection, translational stratification and peripheral therapeutic targeting in neurodegeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-026-00582-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:59:30Z","timestamp":1788271170000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The gut neuroepithelial unit as a neurodegeneration-relevant interface in the gut\u2013brain axis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Siqi","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyuan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaxu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qichun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01743-1","volume":"9","author":"JS Loh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Loh JS, Mak WQ, Tan LKS, Ng CX, Chan HH, Yeow SH, et al. Microbiota-gut-brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9(1):37.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"582_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1481390","volume":"18","author":"KJ Park","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park KJ, Gao Y. Gut-brain axis and neurodegeneration: mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Front Neurosci. 2024;18:1481390.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"582_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70029","volume":"12","author":"E Menozzi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Menozzi E, Schapira AHV, Borghammer P. The gut-brain axis in Parkinson disease: emerging concepts and therapeutic implications. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2025;12(7):904\u201316.","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"582_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13138-5","volume":"272","author":"PJ Oliver","year":"2025","unstructured":"Oliver PJ, Civitelli L, Hu MT. The gut-brain axis in early Parkinson\u2019s disease: from prodrome to prevention. J Neurol. 2025;272(6):413.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"582_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.17102","volume":"292","author":"MN Ekwudo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ekwudo MN, Gubert C, Hannan AJ. The microbiota-gut-brain axis in Huntington\u2019s disease: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets. FEBS J. 2025;292(6):1282\u2013315.","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"issue":"7","key":"582_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27178","DOI":"10.31083\/FBL27178","volume":"30","author":"HH Dolin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dolin HH, Zhou B, Maitta RW. Alpha-synuclein dysregulation in systemic pathophysiology of synucleinopathies. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2025;30(7):27178.","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)"},{"key":"582_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaelberer MM, Buchanan KL, Klein ME, Barth BB, Montoya MM, Shen X, et al. A gut-brain neural circuit for nutrient sensory transduction. Science. 2018;361(6408).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat5236"},{"issue":"6","key":"582_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01136-9","volume":"23","author":"TE Ohara","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ohara TE, Hsiao EY. Microbiota-neuroepithelial signalling across the gut-brain axis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2025;23(6):371\u201384.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2012.09.003","volume":"24","author":"E Cutz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cutz E, Pan J, Yeger H, Domnik NJ, Fisher JT. Recent advances and contraversies on the role of pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies as airway sensors. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2013;24(1):40\u201350.","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"582_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L807","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00208.2014","volume":"308","author":"S Livermore","year":"2015","unstructured":"Livermore S, Zhou Y, Pan J, Yeger H, Nurse CA, Cutz E. Pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies are polymodal airway sensors: evidence for CO2\/H+ sensing. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2015;308(8):L807\u201315.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"582_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009070759","volume":"21","author":"J Peti-Peterdi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Peti-Peterdi J, Harris RC. Macula densa sensing and signaling mechanisms of renin release. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(7):1093\u20136.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"582_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008070740","volume":"20","author":"SL Vargas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vargas SL, Toma I, Kang JJ, Meer EJ, Peti-Peterdi J. Activation of the succinate receptor GPR91 in macula densa cells causes renin release. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(5):1002\u201311.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"582_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000088737.05283.2B","volume":"14","author":"G Kov\u00e1cs","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kov\u00e1cs G, Koml\u00f3si P, Fuson A, Peti-Peterdi J, Rosivall L, Bell PD. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase: its role and regulation in macula densa cells. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(10):2475\u201383.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"12","key":"582_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.180","volume":"10","author":"JB Furness","year":"2013","unstructured":"Furness JB, Rivera LR, Cho HJ, Bravo DM, Callaghan B. The gut as a sensory organ. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;10(12):729\u201340.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"582_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1272955","volume":"17","author":"JR Barton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barton JR, Londregan AK, Alexander TD, Entezari AA, Covarrubias M, Waldman SA. Enteroendocrine cell regulation of the gut-brain axis. Front Neurosci. 2023;17:1272955.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00982-7","volume":"25","author":"KL Buchanan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Buchanan KL, Rupprecht LE, Kaelberer MM, Sahasrabudhe A, Klein ME, Villalobos JA, et al. The preference for sugar over sweetener depends on a gut sensor cell. Nat Neurosci. 2022;25(2):191\u2013200.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"582_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.12.012","volume":"112","author":"W Ren","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ren W, Chen J, Wang W, Li Q, Yin X, Zhuang G, et al. Sympathetic nerve-enteroendocrine L cell communication modulates GLP-1 release, brain glucose utilization, and cognitive function. Neuron. 2024;112(6):972-90.e8.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"6","key":"582_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.16022","volume":"167","author":"A Londregan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Londregan A, Alexander TD, Covarrubias M, Waldman SA. Fundamental neurochemistry review: the role of enteroendocrine cells in visceral pain. J Neurochem. 2023;167(6):719\u201332.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G145","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00384.2016","volume":"312","author":"AK Chow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chow AK, Gulbransen BD. Potential roles of enteric glia in bridging neuroimmune communication in the gut. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2017;312(2):G145\u201352.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"32","key":"582_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11273","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i32.11273","volume":"20","author":"YB Yu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yu YB, Li YQ. Enteric glial cells and their role in the intestinal epithelial barrier. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(32):11273\u201380.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"582_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.07.002","volume":"153","author":"M Rao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rao M, Rastelli D, Dong L, Chiu S, Setlik W, Gershon MD, et al. Enteric glia regulate gastrointestinal motility but are not required for maintenance of the epithelium in mice. Gastroenterology. 2017;153(4):1068-81.e7.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"582_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2015.08.004","volume":"1","author":"JL McClain","year":"2015","unstructured":"McClain JL, Fried DE, Gulbransen BD. Agonist-evoked Ca(2+) signaling in enteric glia drives neural programs that regulate intestinal motility in mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;1(6):631\u201345.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-101921-042929","volume":"42","author":"A Wallrapp","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wallrapp A, Chiu IM. Neuroimmune interactions in the intestine. Annu Rev Immunol. 2024;42(1):489\u2013519.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"6571","key":"582_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi6087","volume":"374","author":"G Agirman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Agirman G, Yu KB, Hsiao EY. Signaling inflammation across the gut-brain axis. Science. 2021;374(6571):1087\u201392.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2015.08.007","volume":"2","author":"IA Brown","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown IA, McClain JL, Watson RE, Patel BA, Gulbransen BD. Enteric glia mediate neuron death in colitis through purinergic pathways that require connexin-43 and nitric oxide. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;2(1):77\u201391.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"23","key":"582_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.10.004","volume":"184","author":"T Ahrends","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahrends T, Aydin B, Matheis F, Classon CH, Marchildon F, Furtado GC, et al. Enteric pathogens induce tissue tolerance and prevent neuronal loss from subsequent infections. Cell. 2021;184(23):5715-27.e12.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"582_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.003","volume":"182","author":"E Drokhlyansky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Drokhlyansky E, Smillie CS, Van Wittenberghe N, Ericsson M, Griffin GK, Eraslan G, et al. The human and mouse enteric nervous system at single-cell resolution. Cell. 2020;182(6):1606\u201322.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00810-x","volume":"11","author":"E Grundeken","year":"2025","unstructured":"Grundeken E, El Aidy S. Enteroendocrine cells: the gatekeepers of microbiome-gut-brain communication. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2025;11(1):179.","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"issue":"12","key":"582_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2025.101610","volume":"19","author":"C Alcaino","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alcaino C, Guccio N, Miedzybrodzka EL, Quale JR, Lu T, Davison A, et al. Mechanisms of activation and serotonin release from human enterochromaffin cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;19(12):101610.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"582_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1356317","volume":"15","author":"H He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He H, Zhou J, Xu X, Zhou P, Zhong H, Liu M. Piezo channels in the intestinal tract. Front Physiol. 2024;15:1356317.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61878-9","volume":"16","author":"JR Buissant des Amorie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Buissant des Amorie JR, Betjes MA, Bernink JH, Hageman JH, Geurts VE, Begthel H, et al. Intestinal tuft cell subtypes represent successive stages of maturation driven by crypt-villus signaling gradients. Nat Commun. 2025;16(1):6765.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"582_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.04.018","volume":"57","author":"M Ndjim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ndjim M, Gasmi I, Herbert F, Jos\u00e9phine C, Bas J, Lamrani A, et al. Tuft cell acetylcholine is released into the gut lumen to promote anti-helminth immunity. Immunity. 2024;57(6):1260-73.e7.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"6","key":"582_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.03.023","volume":"57","author":"TE Billipp","year":"2024","unstructured":"Billipp TE, Fung C, Webeck LM, Sargent DB, Gologorsky MB, Chen Z, et al. Tuft cell-derived acetylcholine promotes epithelial chloride secretion and intestinal helminth clearance. Immunity. 2024;57(6):1243-59.e8.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"6","key":"582_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-01962-x","volume":"28","author":"W Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li W, Morarach K, Liu Z, Banerjee S, Chen Y, Harb AL, et al. The transcriptomes, connections and development of submucosal neuron classes in the mouse small intestine. Nat Neurosci. 2025;28(6):1146\u201359.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"26","key":"582_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.10.041","volume":"188","author":"D Shi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shi D, Reddy P, Marrin M, Walker C, Siu C, Muller PA, et al. Properties and functions of transcriptionally distinct enteric neurons. Cell. 2025;188(26):7571-90.e35.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022724-105016","volume":"87","author":"J Gonzales","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gonzales J, Gulbransen BD. The physiology of enteric glia. Annu Rev Physiol. 2025;87(1):353\u201380.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"582_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.12.011","volume":"168","author":"JD Windster","year":"2025","unstructured":"Windster JD, Kakiailatu NJM, Kuil LE, Antanaviciute A, Sacchetti A, MacKenzie KC, et al. Human enteric glia diversity in health and disease: new avenues for the treatment of Hirschsprung disease. Gastroenterology. 2025;168(5):965-79.e12.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"582_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2025.110645","volume":"279","author":"BD Gulbransen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gulbransen BD, Verkhratsky A, Parpura V. Enteric glia and purinergic signaling in health and disease. Neuropharmacology. 2025;279:110645.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"7","key":"582_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-025-02150-6","volume":"26","author":"N Stakenborg","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stakenborg N, Viola MF, Boeckxstaens G. Intestinal neuron-associated macrophages in health and disease. Nat Immunol. 2025;26(7):1004\u201313.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000001065","volume":"41","author":"X Hou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hou X, Artis D. Neuro-immune cell interactions in the regulation of intestinal immune homeostasis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2025;41(1):38\u201345.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7937","key":"582_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05297-6","volume":"611","author":"AM Tsou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tsou AM, Yano H, Parkhurst CN, Mahlak\u00f5iv T, Chu C, Zhang W, et al. Neuropeptide regulation of non-redundant ILC2 responses at barrier surfaces. Nature. 2022;611(7937):787\u201393.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"582_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021115-105439","volume":"78","author":"FM Gribble","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gribble FM, Reimann F. Enteroendocrine cells: chemosensors in the intestinal epithelium. Annu Rev Physiol. 2016;78:277\u201399.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"582_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.138","volume":"9","author":"BD Gulbransen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gulbransen BD, Sharkey KA. Novel functional roles for enteric glia in the gastrointestinal tract. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;9(11):625\u201332.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"582_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0271-2","volume":"17","author":"NJ Spencer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spencer NJ, Hu H. Enteric nervous system: sensory transduction, neural circuits and gastrointestinal motility. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;17(6):338\u201351.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"582_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moehring F, Cowie AM, Menzel AD, Weyer AD, Grzybowski M, Arzua T, et al. Keratinocytes mediate innocuous and noxious touch via ATP-P2X4 signaling. Elife. 2018;7.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.31684"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.034","volume":"170","author":"NW Bellono","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bellono NW, Bayrer JR, Leitch DB, Castro J, Zhang C, O\u2019Donnell TA, et al. Enterochromaffin cells are gut chemosensors that couple to sensory neural pathways. Cell. 2017;170(1):185-98.e16.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6274","key":"582_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad7969","volume":"351","author":"K Branchfield","year":"2016","unstructured":"Branchfield K, Nantie L, Verheyden JM, Sui P, Wienhold MD, Sun X. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells function as airway sensors to control lung immune response. Science. 2016;351(6274):707\u201310.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6279","key":"582_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1648","volume":"351","author":"MR Howitt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Howitt MR, Lavoie S, Michaud M, Blum AM, Tran SV, Weinstock JV, et al. Tuft cells, taste-chemosensory cells, orchestrate parasite type 2 immunity in the gut. Science. 2016;351(6279):1329\u201333.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7585","key":"582_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16161","volume":"529","author":"J von Moltke","year":"2016","unstructured":"von Moltke J, Ji M, Liang HE, Locksley RM. Tuft-cell-derived IL-25 regulates an intestinal ILC2-epithelial response circuit. Nature. 2016;529(7585):221\u20135.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"582_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.68","volume":"18","author":"SD Roper","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roper SD, Chaudhari N. Taste buds: cells, signals and synapses. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017;18(8):485\u201397.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"582_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-020518-114427","volume":"82","author":"P Ortega-S\u00e1enz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ortega-S\u00e1enz P, L\u00f3pez-Barneo J. Physiology of the carotid body: from molecules to disease. Annu Rev Physiol. 2020;82:127\u201349.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"582_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(00)00215-0","volume":"85","author":"HR Berthoud","year":"2000","unstructured":"Berthoud HR, Neuhuber WL. Functional and chemical anatomy of the afferent vagal system. Auton Neurosci. 2000;85(1\u20133):1\u201317.","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"582_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101351","volume":"57","author":"DJ Drucker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Drucker DJ. GLP-1 physiology informs the pharmacotherapy of obesity. Mol Metab. 2022;57:101351.","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"582_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berthoud HR, Albaugh VL, Neuhuber WL. Gut-brain communication and obesity: understanding functions of the vagus nerve. J Clin Invest. 2021;131(10).","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI143770"},{"issue":"12","key":"582_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.189","volume":"8","author":"VA Pavlov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pavlov VA, Tracey KJ. The vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex--linking immunity and metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012;8(12):743\u201354.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.04.050","volume":"158","author":"PA Muller","year":"2014","unstructured":"Muller PA, Koscs\u00f3 B, Rajani GM, Stevanovic K, Berres ML, Hashimoto D, et al. Crosstalk between muscularis macrophages and enteric neurons regulates gastrointestinal motility. Cell. 2014;158(2):300\u201313.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"582_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.12.023","volume":"164","author":"I Gabanyi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gabanyi I, Muller PA, Feighery L, Oliveira TY, Costa-Pinto FA, Mucida D. Neuro-immune interactions drive tissue programming in intestinal macrophages. Cell. 2016;164(3):378\u201391.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.014","volume":"174","author":"C Schneider","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schneider C, O\u2019Leary CE, von Moltke J, Liang HE, Ang QY, Turnbaugh PJ, et al. A metabolite-triggered tuft cell-ILC2 circuit drives small intestinal remodeling. Cell. 2018;174(2):271-84.e14.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"582_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4030","volume":"18","author":"D Erny","year":"2015","unstructured":"Erny D, Hrab\u011b de Angelis AL, Jaitin D, Wieghofer P, Staszewski O, David E, et al. Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS. Nat Neurosci. 2015;18(7):965\u201377.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"7707","key":"582_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0119-x","volume":"557","author":"V Rothhammer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rothhammer V, Borucki DM, Tjon EC, Takenaka MC, Chao CC, Ardura-Fabregat A, et al. Microglial control of astrocytes in response to microbial metabolites. Nature. 2018;557(7707):724\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"582_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.018","volume":"167","author":"TR Sampson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sampson TR, Debelius JW, Thron T, Janssen S, Shastri GG, Ilhan ZE, et al. Gut microbiota regulate motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Cell. 2016;167(6):1469-80.e12.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"582_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2005.03.015","volume":"19","author":"VA Pavlov","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pavlov VA, Tracey KJ. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Brain Behav Immun. 2005;19(6):493\u20139.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"4","key":"582_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","volume":"99","author":"JF Cryan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cryan JF, O\u2019Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, Sandhu KV, Bastiaanssen TFS, Boehme M, et al. The microbiota-gut-brain axis. Physiol Rev. 2019;99(4):1877\u20132013.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1019","volume":"61","author":"G Tolhurst","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tolhurst G, Heffron H, Lam YS, Parker HE, Habib AM, Diakogiannaki E, et al. Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the G-protein-coupled receptor FFAR2. Diabetes. 2012;61(2):364\u201371.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"582_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.153","volume":"39","author":"A Psichas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Psichas A, Sleeth ML, Murphy KG, Brooks L, Bewick GA, Hanyaloglu AC, et al. The short chain fatty acid propionate stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion via free fatty acid receptor 2 in rodents. Int J Obes. 2015;39(3):424\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2022","volume":"103","author":"KA Sharkey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharkey KA, Mawe GM. The enteric nervous system. Physiol Rev. 2023;103(2):1487\u2013564.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"582_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00677-w","volume":"54","author":"HR Wachsmuth","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wachsmuth HR, Weninger SN, Duca FA. Role of the gut-brain axis in energy and glucose metabolism. Exp Mol Med. 2022;54(4):377\u201392.","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-024-01005-z","volume":"22","author":"C Sternini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sternini C, Rozengurt E. Bitter taste receptors as sensors of gut luminal contents. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;22(1):39\u201353.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR69","first-page":"167","volume":"20","author":"JH Choi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choi JH, Lee JY, Park YS, et al. Bitter taste receptors and their role in gastrointestinal physiology. J Neurogastroenterol Motility. 2014;20(2):167\u201377.","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motility"},{"issue":"5","key":"582_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.01.025","volume":"168","author":"C Clemmensen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Clemmensen C, M\u00fcller TD, Woods SC, Berthoud HR, Seeley RJ, Tsch\u00f6p MH. Gut-brain cross-talk in metabolic control. Cell. 2017;168(5):758\u201374.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"582_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2021_518","volume":"275","author":"S Kinnamon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kinnamon S, Finger T. The role of ATP and purinergic receptors in taste signaling. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2022;275:91\u2013107.","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"582_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3758","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073758","volume":"23","author":"R Rezzani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rezzani R, Franco C, Franceschetti L, Gian\u00f2 M, Favero G. A focus on enterochromaffin cells among the enteroendocrine cells: localization morphology and role. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(7):3758.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"8078","key":"582_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09228-z","volume":"644","author":"C Fung","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fung C, Venneman T, Holland AM, Martens T, Alata MI, Hao MM, et al. Nutrients activate distinct patterns of small-intestinal enteric neurons. Nature. 2025;644(8078):1069\u201377.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.10.056","volume":"160","author":"C Acharya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Acharya C, Bajaj JS. Chronic liver diseases and the microbiome-translating our knowledge of gut microbiota to management of chronic liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2021;160(2):556\u201372.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8","key":"582_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14589","volume":"35","author":"IR Tough","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tough IR, Lund ML, Patel BA, Schwartz TW, Cox HM. Paracrine relationship between incretin hormones and endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine in the small and large intestine. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2023;35(8):e14589.","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"6779","key":"582_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adz1398","volume":"390","author":"A Venkataraman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Venkataraman A, Figueroa EE, Castro J, Navarro FC, Soota D, Brierley SM, et al. A cellular basis for heightened gut sensitivity in females. Science. 2025;390(6779):1285\u201391.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"582_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barton JR, Londregan AK, Alexander TD, Entezari AA, Bar-Ad S, Cheng L, et al. Intestinal neuropod cell GUCY2C regulates visceral pain. J Clin Invest. 2023;133(4).","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI165578"},{"key":"582_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1398409","volume":"15","author":"JW Heinle","year":"2024","unstructured":"Heinle JW, Dalessio S, Janicki P, Ouyang A, Vrana KE, Ruiz-Velasco V, et al. Insights into the voltage-gated sodium channel, Na(V)1.8, and its role in visceral pain perception. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1398409.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"582_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00890-0","volume":"21","author":"MR Aburto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aburto MR, Cryan JF. Gastrointestinal and brain barriers: unlocking gates of communication across the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;21(4):222\u201347.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"582_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.10.066","volume":"160","author":"KG Margolis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Margolis KG, Cryan JF, Mayer EA. The microbiota-gut-brain axis: from motility to mood. Gastroenterology. 2021;160(5):1486\u2013501.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8081","key":"582_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09301-7","volume":"645","author":"WW Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu WW, Reicher N, Alway E, Rupprecht LE, Weng P, Schaefgen C, et al. A gut sense for a microbial pattern regulates feeding. Nature. 2025;645(8081):729\u201336.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.06.007","volume":"87","author":"S Talbot","year":"2015","unstructured":"Talbot S, Abdulnour RE, Burkett PR, Lee S, Cronin SJ, Pascal MA, et al. Silencing nociceptor neurons reduces allergic airway inflammation. Neuron. 2015;87(2):341\u201354.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"582_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-259598","volume":"29","author":"CS Reigstad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reigstad CS, Salmonson CE, Rainey JF 3rd, Szurszewski JH, Linden DR, Sonnenburg JL, et al. Gut microbes promote colonic serotonin production through an effect of short-chain fatty acids on enterochromaffin cells. FASEB J. 2015;29(4):1395\u2013403.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"4","key":"582_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.20240118","volume":"36","author":"W L\u00f3pez-Ojeda","year":"2024","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Ojeda W, Hurley RA. The vagus nerve and the brain-gut axis: implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2024;36(4):278\u201382.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"8017","key":"582_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07469-y","volume":"630","author":"H Jin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jin H, Li M, Jeong E, Castro-Martinez F, Zuker CS. A body-brain circuit that regulates body inflammatory responses. Nature. 2024;630(8017):695\u2013703.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00766-3","volume":"10","author":"C Shin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shin C, Kim SI, Park SH, Kim JM, Lee JY, Chung SJ, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and predictors of alpha-synuclein accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract of Parkinson\u2019s disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2024;10(1):155.","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-01152-3","volume":"11","author":"C Shin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shin C, Im JP, Han JY, Jin B, Woo KA, Lee S, et al. Cognitive function correlates with gastric alpha-synuclein seeding activity in early Parkinson\u2019s disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2025;11(1):311.","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114185","volume":"29","author":"X Jin","year":"2026","unstructured":"Jin X, Wei J, Min X, Fan Y, Yuan Z, Du Z, et al. Gut microbiota and Parkinson\u2019s disease: exploring pathogenesis and potential therapeutic strategies from a gut-brain axis perspective. iScience. 2026;29(2):114185.","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"582_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1582119","volume":"16","author":"W Lei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lei W, Cheng Y, Liu X, Gao J, Zhu Z, Ding W, et al. Gut microbiota-driven neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: from mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1582119.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"582_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.101982","volume":"6","author":"KJ O'Riordan","year":"2025","unstructured":"O\u2019Riordan KJ, Moloney GM, Keane L, Clarke G, Cryan JF. The gut microbiota-immune-brain axis: therapeutic implications. Cell Rep Med. 2025;6(3):101982.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"582_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13138-5","volume":"272","author":"PJ Oliver","year":"2025","unstructured":"Oliver PJ, Civitelli L, Hu MT. The gut-brain axis in early Parkinson\u2019s disease: from prodrome to prevention. J Neurol. 2025;272(6):413.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"582_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1644160","volume":"16","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhu Z, Cheng Y, Liu X, Xu X, Ding W, Ling Z, et al. The microbiota-gut-brain axis in depression: unraveling the relationships and therapeutic opportunities. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1644160.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e41981","volume":"11","author":"GL Putnam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Putnam GL, Maitta RW. Alpha synuclein and inflammaging. Heliyon. 2025;11(2):e41981.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"4","key":"582_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02268-5","volume":"141","author":"AS Harms","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harms AS, Ferreira SA, Romero-Ramos M. Periphery and brain, innate and adaptive immunity in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2021;141(4):527\u201345.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"582_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae177","volume":"147","author":"C Roodveldt","year":"2024","unstructured":"Roodveldt C, Bernardino L, Oztop-Cakmak O, Dragic M, Fladmark KE, Ertan S, et al. The immune system in Parkinson\u2019s disease: what we know so far. Brain. 2024;147(10):3306\u201324.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"582_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115735","volume":"168","author":"Q Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang Q, Yang P, Liu Y, Ding J, Lu M, Hu G. The interplay between \u03b1-synuclein and NLRP3 inflammasome in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;168:115735.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"12","key":"582_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2710","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.70047","volume":"40","author":"V Leta","year":"2025","unstructured":"Leta V, Zinzalias P, Batzu L, Mandal G, Staunton J, Jernstedt F, et al. Effects of a four-strain probiotic on gut microbiota, inflammation, and symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized clinical trial. Mov Disord. 2025;40(12):2710\u201321.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"10479","key":"582_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02808-3","volume":"405","author":"N Vijiaratnam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vijiaratnam N, Girges C, Auld G, McComish R, King A, Skene SS, et al. Exenatide once a week versus placebo as a potential disease-modifying treatment for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease in the UK: a phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, parallel-group, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2025;405(10479):627\u201336.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45929-z","volume":"13","author":"MB Heston","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heston MB, Hanslik KL, Zarbock KR, Harding SJ, Davenport-Sis NJ, Kerby RL, et al. Gut inflammation associated with age and Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology: a human cohort study. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):18924.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"582_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12102046","author":"D Mateo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mateo D, Carri\u00f3n N, Cabrera C, Heredia L, Marqu\u00e8s M, Forcadell-Ferreres E, et al. Gut microbiota alterations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: relation with cognitive impairment and mediterranean lifestyle. Microorganisms. 2024;12(10):2046","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"11","key":"582_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326269","volume":"71","author":"C Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen C, Liao J, Xia Y, Liu X, Jones R, Haran J, et al. Gut microbiota regulate Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathologies and cognitive disorders via PUFA-associated neuroinflammation. Gut. 2022;71(11):2233\u201352.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"12","key":"582_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2024.01.013","volume":"162","author":"R Mo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mo R, Jiang M, Xu H, Jia R. Effect of probiotics on cognitive function in adults with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Med Clin (Barc). 2024;162(12):565\u201373.","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-04106-7","volume":"32","author":"P Edison","year":"2026","unstructured":"Edison P, Femminella GD, Ritchie C, Nowell J, Holmes C, Walker Z, et al. Liraglutide in mild to moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a phase 2b clinical trial. Nat Med. 2026;32(1):353\u201361.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3233\/JHD-240012","volume":"13","author":"A Khoshnan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khoshnan A. Gut microbiota as a modifier of Huntington\u2019s disease pathogenesis. J Huntington Dis. 2024;13(2):133\u201347.","journal-title":"J Huntington Dis"},{"key":"582_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.09.001","volume":"135","author":"G Kong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kong G, Cao KL, Judd LM, Li S, Renoir T, Hannan AJ. Microbiome profiling reveals gut dysbiosis in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington\u2019s disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2020;135:104268.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa110","volume":"2","author":"CI Wasser","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wasser CI, Mercieca EC, Kong G, Hannan AJ, McKeown SJ, Glikmann-Johnston Y, et al. Gut dysbiosis in Huntington\u2019s disease: associations among gut microbiota, cognitive performance and clinical outcomes. Brain Commun. 2020;2(2):fcaa110.","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"582_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac205","volume":"4","author":"C Gubert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gubert C, Choo JM, Love CJ, Kodikara S, Masson BA, Liew JJM, et al. Faecal microbiota transplant ameliorates gut dysbiosis and cognitive deficits in Huntington\u2019s disease mice. Brain Commun. 2022;4(4):fcac205.","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"582_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1504","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae177","volume":"83","author":"A Asad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Asad A, Kirk M, Zhu S, Dong X, Gao M. Effects of prebiotics and probiotics on symptoms of depression and anxiety in clinically diagnosed samples: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev. 2025;83(7):e1504\u201320.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-03208-z","volume":"14","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang Y, Qu Y, Shi L, Ou M, Du Z, Zhou Z, et al. The role of gut microbiota and metabolomic pathways in modulating the efficacy of SSRIs for major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2024;14(1):493.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-024-00634-8","volume":"16","author":"M Rahmannia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rahmannia M, Poudineh M, Mirzaei R, Aalipour MA, Shahidi Bonjar AH, Goudarzi M, et al. Strain-specific effects of probiotics on depression and anxiety: a meta-analysis. Gut Pathog. 2024;16(1):46.","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"key":"582_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052679","author":"P Lesp\u00e9rance","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lesp\u00e9rance P, Desbeaumes Jodoin V, Drouin D, Racicot F, Miron JP, Longpr\u00e9-Poirier C, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation modulates inflammation in treatment-resistant depression patients: a pilot study. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(5):2679","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"582_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.987697","volume":"16","author":"I Luki\u0107","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luki\u0107 I, Ivkovi\u0107 S, Miti\u0107 M, Ad\u017ei\u0107 M. Tryptophan metabolites in depression: modulation by gut microbiota. Front Behav Neurosci. 2022;16:987697.","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"582_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01333-3","volume":"22","author":"JC Park","year":"2025","unstructured":"Park JC, Chang L, Kwon HK, Im SH. Beyond the gut: decoding the gut-immune-brain axis in health and disease. Cell Mol Immunol. 2025;22(11):1287\u2013312.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"582_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119471","author":"TT Nguyen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nguyen TT, Baumann P, T\u00fcscher O, Schick S, Endres K. The aging enteric nervous system. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(11):9471","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"582_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.05.048","volume":"337","author":"C Tan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tan C, Qiao M, Ma Y, Luo Y, Fang J, Yang Y. The efficacy and safety of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Affect Disord. 2023;337:37\u201349.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-023-00536-1","volume":"15","author":"JM Park","year":"2023","unstructured":"Park JM, Lee SC, Ham C, Kim YW. Effect of probiotic supplementation on gastrointestinal motility, inflammation, motor, non-motor symptoms and mental health in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gut Pathog. 2023;15(1):9.","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"issue":"11","key":"582_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf156","volume":"83","author":"X Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu X, Ning L, Fan W, Jia C, Ge L. Probiotics and cognitive-related health outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev. 2025;83(11):2144\u201358.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"582_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00108","volume":"8","author":"M Gejl","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gejl M, Gjedde A, Egefjord L, M\u00f8ller A, Hansen SB, Vang K, et al. In Alzheimer\u2019s disease, 6-month treatment with GLP-1 analog prevents decline of brain glucose metabolism: randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Front Aging Neurosci. 2016;8:108.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"582_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G712","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00075.2024","volume":"326","author":"DM McKay","year":"2024","unstructured":"McKay DM, Defaye M, Rajeev S, MacNaughton WK, Nasser Y, Sharkey KA. Neuroimmunophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2024;326(6):G712\u201325.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01146-2","volume":"56","author":"DO Seo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seo DO, Holtzman DM. Current understanding of the Alzheimer\u2019s disease-associated microbiome and therapeutic strategies. Exp Mol Med. 2024;56(1):86\u201394.","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"582_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1334887","volume":"16","author":"L Yan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yan L, Li H, Qian Y, Zhang J, Cong S, Zhang X, et al. Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation: a new strategy for Alzheimer\u2019s disease intervention through the brain-gut-microbiota axis? Front Aging Neurosci. 2024;16:1334887.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"582_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01737-3","volume":"9","author":"AK Sinha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sinha AK, Laursen MF, Brinck JE, Rybtke ML, Hj\u00f8rne AP, Proch\u00e1zkov\u00e1 N, et al. Dietary fibre directs microbial tryptophan metabolism via metabolic interactions in the gut microbiota. Nat Microbiol. 2024;9(8):1964\u201378.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"582_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dmpk.2024.101046","volume":"60","author":"H Kimura","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kimura H, Nishikawa M, Kutsuzawa N, Tokito F, Kobayashi T, Kurniawan DA, et al. Advancements in microphysiological systems: exploring organoids and organ-on-a-chip technologies in drug development -focus on pharmacokinetics related organs. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2025;60:101046.","journal-title":"Drug Metab Pharmacokinet"}],"container-title":["Translational Neurodegeneration"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40035-026-00582-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40035-026-00582-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40035-026-00582-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:12:28Z","timestamp":1788275548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40035-026-00582-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40035-026-00582-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-9158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-9158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"45"}}