{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:47:10Z","timestamp":1792788430798,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LY24H090006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY24H090006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82571418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82571418"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32530027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32530027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022963","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024C03098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024C03098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovative Institute of Basic Medical Science of Zhejiang University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/055qbch41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Neurodegener"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The discovery of the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatic vessels has transformed our understanding of brain fluid homeostasis and central\u2013peripheral communication, highlighting the critical role of cerebrospinal fluid in brain clearance. While substantial progress has been made in defining the structural components and physiological regulators of brain clearance, major uncertainties remain regarding (1) how these systems interact as an integrated physiological network, (2) how they fail in disease, and (3) whether they can be therapeutically manipulated. In this review, we first summarize the anatomical and physiological organization of the glymphatic\u2013lymphatic axis, with particular emphasis on its regulatory mechanisms in light of rapid advances in this field. We then discuss how the glymphatic\u2013lymphatic axis functionally integrates with peripheral immune and metabolic systems and describe how impairment of these clearance pathways is associated with the accumulation of pathological proteins, neuroinflammation, and vascular dysfunction and may contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases. Finally, we discuss emerging therapeutic strategies and biomarkers targeting the glymphatic\u2013lymphatic axis. By redefining the central\u2013peripheral crosstalk, the glymphatic\u2013lymphatic axis provides a unifying framework for understanding brain clearance, neurodegeneration, and future therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-026-00588-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:23:08Z","timestamp":1791519788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The glymphatic\u2013lymphatic axis: known pathways, open questions, and emerging roles in neurodegeneration"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yumeng","family":"La","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kejia","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiqi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7222-8317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"147","key":"588_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003748","volume":"4","author":"JJ Iliff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Iliff JJ, Wang M, Liao Y, Plogg BA, Peng W, Gundersen GA, et al. A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid \u03b2. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(147):147ra11.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"6707","key":"588_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adp1705","volume":"385","author":"J Kipnis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kipnis J. The anatomy of brainwashing. Science. 2024;385(6707):368\u201370.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"23","key":"588_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.10.036","volume":"113","author":"J Kipnis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kipnis J, Benveniste H, Eichmann A, Thomas JL, Reich DS, Lewis LD, et al. Resolving the mysteries of brain clearance and immune surveillance. Neuron. 2025;113(23):3908\u201323.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05225-z","volume":"81","author":"K Yamada","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yamada K, Iwatsubo T. Involvement of the glymphatic\/meningeal lymphatic system in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: insights into proteostasis and future directions. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2024;81(1):192.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"588_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01487-1","volume":"26","author":"JA Mazzitelli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mazzitelli JA, Pulous FE, Smyth LCD, Kaya Z, Rustenhoven J, Moskowitz MA, et al. Skull bone marrow channels as immune gateways to the central nervous system. Nat Neurosci. 2023;26(12):2052\u201362.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02177-z","volume":"10","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Niu Y, Li Y, Xia C, Chen Z, Chen Y, et al. Meningeal lymphatic drainage: novel insights into central nervous system disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025;10(1):142.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-023-00618-3","volume":"18","author":"DA Formolo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Formolo DA, Yu J, Lin K, Tsang HWH, Ou H, Kranz GS, et al. Leveraging the glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic systems as therapeutic strategies in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an updated overview of nonpharmacological therapies. Mol Neurodegener. 2023;18(1):26.","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001252","volume":"37","author":"N Beschorner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Beschorner N, Nedergaard M. Glymphatic system dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Opin Neurol. 2024;37(2):182\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"588_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13789","volume":"20","author":"SY Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang SY, Zhang YR, Guo Y, Du J, Ren P, Wu BS, et al. Glymphatic system dysfunction predicts amyloid deposition, neurodegeneration, and clinical progression in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2024;20(5):3251\u201369.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"6","key":"588_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.323516","volume":"134","author":"VS Vizcarra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vizcarra VS, Fame RM, Hablitz LM. Circadian mechanisms in brain fluid biology. Circ Res. 2024;134(6):711\u201326.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318173","volume":"129","author":"J Rustenhoven","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rustenhoven J, Tanumihardja C, Kipnis J. Cerebrovascular anomalies: perspectives from immunology and cerebrospinal fluid flow. Circ Res. 2021;129(1):174\u201394.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"588_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(25)00115-2","volume":"24","author":"LM Pinho-Correia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pinho-Correia LM, McCullough SJC, Ghanizada H, Nedergaard M, Rustenhoven J, Da Mesquita S. CSF transport at the brain-meningeal border: effects on neurological health and disease. Lancet Neurol. 2025;24(6):535\u201347.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"588_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2024.04.006","volume":"45","author":"G Castellani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Castellani G, Peralta Ramos JM, Schwartz M. Bridging anatomical gaps between brain and immune system. Trends Immunol. 2024;45(5):318\u20139.","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-024-00532-w","volume":"21","author":"SB Hladky","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hladky SB, Barrand MA. Regulation of brain fluid volumes and pressures: basic principles, intracranial hypertension, ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2024;21(1):57.","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"issue":"6","key":"588_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03706-5","volume":"78","author":"ST Proulx","year":"2021","unstructured":"Proulx ST. Cerebrospinal fluid outflow: a review of the historical and contemporary evidence for arachnoid villi, perineural routes, and dural lymphatics. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2021;78(6):2429\u201357.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-021-00282-z","volume":"19","author":"SB Hladky","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hladky SB, Barrand MA. The glymphatic hypothesis: the theory and the evidence. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2022;19(1):9.","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otot.2013.11.010","volume":"25","author":"MF Mafee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mafee MF, Bradley WG Jr, Almutairi A, Zawaideh M, Patel K. Arachnoid granulations and spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea: role of imaging. Oper Tech Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;25(1):74\u201386.","journal-title":"Oper Tech Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20220618","volume":"220","author":"T Shah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shah T, Leurgans SE, Mehta RI, Yang J, Galloway CA, de Mesy Bentley KL, et al. Arachnoid granulations are lymphatic conduits that communicate with bone marrow and dura-arachnoid stroma. J Exp Med. 2023;220(2):e20220618.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"8002","key":"588_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06993-7","volume":"627","author":"LCD Smyth","year":"2024","unstructured":"Smyth LCD, Xu D, Okar SV, Dykstra T, Rustenhoven J, Papadopoulos Z, et al. Identification of direct connections between the dura and the brain. Nature. 2024;627(8002):165\u201373.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"588_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01060-2","volume":"25","author":"FE Pulous","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pulous FE, Cruz-Hern\u00e1ndez JC, Yang C, Kaya \u0396, Paccalet A, Wojtkiewicz G, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid can exit into the skull bone marrow and instruct cranial hematopoiesis in mice with bacterial meningitis. Nat Neurosci. 2022;25(5):567\u201376.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"588_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20220035","volume":"219","author":"L Jacob","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jacob L, de Brito Neto J, Lenck S, Corcy C, Benbelkacem F, Geraldo LH, et al. Conserved meningeal lymphatic drainage circuits in mice and humans. J Exp Med. 2022;219(8):e20220035.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"7560","key":"588_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14432","volume":"523","author":"A Louveau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Louveau A, Smirnov I, Keyes TJ, Eccles JD, Rouhani SJ, Peske JD, et al. Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels. Nature. 2015;523(7560):337\u201341.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"588_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1993.tb00476.x","volume":"19","author":"S Kida","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kida S, Pantazis A, Weller RO. CSF drains directly from the subarachnoid space into nasal lymphatics in the rat. Anatomy, histology and immunological significance. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1993;19(6):480\u20138.","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01484-6","volume":"8","author":"Q Ma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ma Q, Ineichen BV, Detmar M, Proulx ST. Outflow of cerebrospinal fluid is predominantly through lymphatic vessels and is reduced in aged mice. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):1434.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"588_CR25","first-page":"R889","volume":"275","author":"M Boulton","year":"1998","unstructured":"Boulton M, Armstrong D, Flessner M, Hay J, Szalai JP, Johnston M. Raised intracranial pressure increases CSF drainage through arachnoid villi and extracranial lymphatics. Am J Physiol. 1998;275(3):R889\u201396.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"6627","key":"588_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adc8810","volume":"379","author":"K M\u00f8llg\u00e5rd","year":"2023","unstructured":"M\u00f8llg\u00e5rd K, Beinlich FRM, Kusk P, Miyakoshi LM, Delle C, Pl\u00e1 V, et al. A mesothelium divides the subarachnoid space into functional compartments. Science. 2023;379(6627):84\u20138.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2020","volume":"102","author":"MK Rasmussen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rasmussen MK, Mestre H, Nedergaard M. Fluid transport in the brain. Physiol Rev. 2022;102(2):1025\u2013151.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72031-5","volume":"10","author":"E Melin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Melin E, Eide PK, Ringstad G. In vivo assessment of cerebrospinal fluid efflux to nasal mucosa in humans. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):14974.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"588_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.187211","volume":"58","author":"MJ de Leon","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Leon MJ, Li Y, Okamura N, Tsui WH, Saint-Louis LA, Glodzik L, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid clearance in Alzheimer disease measured with dynamic PET. J Nucl Med. 2017;58(9):1471\u20136.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-024-00530-y","volume":"21","author":"NH Mehta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mehta NH, Wang X, Keil SA, Xi K, Zhou L, Lee K, et al. [1-(11)C]-Butanol Positron Emission Tomography reveals an impaired brain to nasal turbinates pathway in aging amyloid positive subjects. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2024;21(1):30.","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"issue":"6756","key":"588_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adv8269","volume":"389","author":"SA Keil","year":"2025","unstructured":"Keil SA, Jansson D, Braun M, Iliff JJ. Glymphatic dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a critical appraisal. Science. 2025;389(6756):eadv8269.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1862-7","volume":"136","author":"NJ Albargothy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Albargothy NJ, Johnston DA, MacGregor-Sharp M, Weller RO, Verma A, Hawkes CA, et al. Convective influx\/glymphatic system: tracers injected into the CSF enter and leave the brain along separate periarterial basement membrane pathways. Acta Neuropathol. 2018;136(1):139\u201352.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"588_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00015.2022","author":"L Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao L, Tannenbaum A, Bakker E, Benveniste H. Physiology of glymphatic solute transport and waste clearance from the brain. Physiology (Bethesda). 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physiol.00015.2022.","journal-title":"Physiology (Bethesda)"},{"key":"588_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00001","volume":"11","author":"R Aldea","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aldea R, Weller RO, Wilcock DM, Carare RO, Richardson G. Cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells as the drivers of intramural periarterial drainage of the brain. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019;11:1.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"588_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.27679","volume":"6","author":"AJ Smith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smith AJ, Yao X, Dix JA, Jin BJ, Verkman AS. Test of the \u2018glymphatic\u2019 hypothesis demonstrates diffusive and aquaporin-4-independent solute transport in rodent brain parenchyma. Elife. 2017;6:e27679.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"588_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.40070","volume":"7","author":"H Mestre","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mestre H, Hablitz LM, Xavier AL, Feng W, Zou W, Pu T, et al. Aquaporin-4-dependent glymphatic solute transport in the rodent brain. Elife. 2018;7:e40070.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"588_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.729706","volume":"15","author":"J Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu J, Guo Y, Zhang C, Zeng Y, Luo Y, Wang G. Clearance systems in the brain, from structure to function. Front Cell Neurosci. 2021;15:729706.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-023-04736-5","volume":"80","author":"RJ Reiter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reiter RJ, Sharma R, Cucielo MS, Tan DX, Rosales-Corral S, Gancitano G, et al. Brain washing and neural health: role of age, sleep, and the cerebrospinal fluid melatonin rhythm. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2023;80(4):88.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"588_CR39","first-page":"271","volume":"40","author":"T van Hattem","year":"2025","unstructured":"van Hattem T, Verkaar L, Krugliakova E, Adelh\u00f6fer N, Zeising M, Drinkenburg W, et al. Targeting sleep physiology to modulate glymphatic brain clearance. Physiology (Bethesda). 2025;40(3):271\u201390.","journal-title":"Physiology (Bethesda)"},{"issue":"6156","key":"588_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241224","volume":"342","author":"L Xie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xie L, Kang H, Xu Q, Chen MJ, Liao Y, Thiyagarajan M, et al. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science. 2013;342(6156):373\u20137.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"588_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.11.027","volume":"188","author":"NL Hauglund","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hauglund NL, Andersen M, Tokarska K, Radovanovic T, Kjaerby C, S\u00f8rensen FL, et al. Norepinephrine-mediated slow vasomotion drives glymphatic clearance during sleep. Cell. 2025;188(3):606-22.e17.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18115-2","volume":"11","author":"LM Hablitz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hablitz LM, Pl\u00e1 V, Giannetto M, Vinitsky HS, St\u00e6ger FF, Metcalfe T, et al. Circadian control of brain glymphatic and lymphatic fluid flow. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):4411.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.269","volume":"10","author":"YE Ju","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ju YE, Lucey BP, Holtzman DM. Sleep and Alzheimer disease pathology--a bidirectional relationship. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(2):115\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-024-00701-z","volume":"10","author":"X Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun X, Dias L, Peng C, Zhang Z, Ge H, Wang Z, et al. 40 Hz light flickering facilitates the glymphatic flow via adenosine signaling in mice. Cell Discov. 2024;10(1):81.","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"issue":"8002","key":"588_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07132-6","volume":"627","author":"MH Murdock","year":"2024","unstructured":"Murdock MH, Yang CY, Sun N, Pao PC, Blanco-Duque C, Kahn MC, et al. Multisensory gamma stimulation promotes glymphatic clearance of amyloid. Nature. 2024;627(8002):149\u201356.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"46","key":"588_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18190","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1592-13.2013","volume":"33","author":"JJ Iliff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iliff JJ, Wang M, Zeppenfeld DM, Venkataraman A, Plog BA, Liao Y, et al. Cerebral arterial pulsation drives paravascular CSF-interstitial fluid exchange in the murine brain. J Neurosci. 2013;33(46):18190\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"7936","key":"588_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05397-3","volume":"611","author":"A Drieu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Drieu A, Du S, Storck SE, Rustenhoven J, Papadopoulos Z, Dykstra T, et al. Parenchymal border macrophages regulate the flow dynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid. Nature. 2022;611(7936):585\u201393.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"31","key":"588_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11034","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1625-15.2015","volume":"35","author":"H Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee H, Xie L, Yu M, Kang H, Feng T, Deane R, et al. The effect of body posture on brain glymphatic transport. J Neurosci. 2015;35(31):11034\u201344.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"588_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001888","volume":"127","author":"H Benveniste","year":"2017","unstructured":"Benveniste H, Lee H, Ding F, Sun Q, Al-Bizri E, Makaryus R, et al. Anesthesia with dexmedetomidine and low-dose isoflurane increases solute transport via the glymphatic pathway in rat brain when compared with high-dose isoflurane. Anesthesiology. 2017;127(6):976\u201388.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"49","key":"588_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16180","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3020-14.2014","volume":"34","author":"JJ Iliff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Iliff JJ, Chen MJ, Plog BA, Zeppenfeld DM, Soltero M, Yang L, et al. Impairment of glymphatic pathway function promotes tau pathology after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci. 2014;34(49):16180\u201393.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"588_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.04.003","volume":"43","author":"H Mestre","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mestre H, Mori Y, Nedergaard M. The brain\u2019s glymphatic system: current controversies. Trends Neurosci. 2020;43(7):458\u201366.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"588_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-279","volume":"9","author":"AM Fukuda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fukuda AM, Badaut J. Aquaporin 4: a player in cerebral edema and neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation. 2012;9:279.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"588_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00581","volume":"14","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Chen Q, Wang Y, Wu H, Xu W, Pan Y, et al. Persistent neurovascular unit dysfunction: pathophysiological substrate and trigger for late-onset neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:581.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"588_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24271","volume":"76","author":"BT Kress","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kress BT, Iliff JJ, Xia M, Wang M, Wei HS, Zeppenfeld D, et al. Impairment of paravascular clearance pathways in the aging brain. Ann Neurol. 2014;76(6):845\u201361.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"7717","key":"588_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0368-8","volume":"560","author":"S Da Mesquita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Da Mesquita S, Louveau A, Vaccari A, Smirnov I, Cornelison RC, Kingsmore KM, et al. Functional aspects of meningeal lymphatics in ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nature. 2018;560(7717):185\u201391.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.4370","volume":"74","author":"DM Zeppenfeld","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zeppenfeld DM, Simon M, Haswell JD, D\u2019Abreo D, Murchison C, Quinn JF, et al. Association of perivascular localization of aquaporin-4 with cognition and Alzheimer Disease in aging brains. JAMA Neurol. 2017;74(1):91\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"588_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1173221","volume":"15","author":"G Han","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han G, Zhou Y, Zhang K, Jiao B, Hu J, Zhang Y, et al. Age- and time-of-day dependence of glymphatic function in the human brain measured via two diffusion MRI methods. Front Aging Neurosci. 2023;15:1173221.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"588_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-026-01432-6","author":"Y Wang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang Y, Lin Z, Wu D, Yang Y, Zhang J. Associations of DTI-ALPS index and choroid plexus volume with clinical severity across the Parkinson\u2019s disease spectrum. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-026-01432-6.","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"588_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.rev.2023-0175","volume":"23","author":"T Taoka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Taoka T, Ito R, Nakamichi R, Nakane T, Kawai H, Naganawa S. Diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS): revisiting the meaning and significance of the method. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2024;23(3):268\u201390.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18113-4","volume":"11","author":"AC Bolte","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bolte AC, Dutta AB, Hurt ME, Smirnov I, Kovacs MA, McKee CA, et al. Meningeal lymphatic dysfunction exacerbates traumatic brain injury pathogenesis. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):4524.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"588_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2022.100466","volume":"23","author":"A Virenque","year":"2022","unstructured":"Virenque A, Koivisto H, Antila S, Zub E, Rooney EJ, Miszczuk D, et al. Significance of developmental meningeal lymphatic dysfunction in experimental post-traumatic injury. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2022;23:100466.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-230143","volume":"8","author":"I Ozsahin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ozsahin I, Zhou L, Wang X, Garetti J, Jamison K, Xi K, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging along perivascular spaces (DTI-ALPS) to assess effects of age, sex, and head size on interstitial fluid dynamics in healthy subjects. J Alzheimers Dis Rep. 2024;8(1):355\u201361.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"588_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26790","volume":"45","author":"WX Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li WX, Liu ZY, Zhai FF, Han F, Li ML, Zhou LX, et al. Automated diffusion-weighted image analysis along the perivascular space index reveals glymphatic dysfunction in association with brain parenchymal lesions. Hum Brain Mapp. 2024;45(11):e26790.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16073","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72621-3","volume":"10","author":"M Giannetto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giannetto M, Xia M, St\u00e6ger FF, Metcalfe T, Vinitsky HS, Dang J, et al. Biological sex does not predict glymphatic influx in healthy young, middle aged or old mice. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):16073.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"588_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.01.024","volume":"112","author":"C Lopez-Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lopez-Lee C, Torres ERS, Carling G, Gan L. Mechanisms of sex differences in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neuron. 2024;112(8):1208\u201321.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"10423","key":"588_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01419-8","volume":"403","author":"Y Ben-Shlomo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ben-Shlomo Y, Darweesh S, Llibre-Guerra J, Marras C, San Luciano M, Tanner C. The epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet. 2024;403(10423):283\u201392.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2006.11.004","volume":"28","author":"I Galea","year":"2007","unstructured":"Galea I, Bechmann I, Perry VH. What is immune privilege (not)? Trends Immunol. 2007;28(1):12\u20138.","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.040","volume":"184","author":"J Rustenhoven","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rustenhoven J, Drieu A, Mamuladze T, de Lima KA, Dykstra T, Wall M, et al. Functional characterization of the dural sinuses as a neuroimmune interface. Cell. 2021;184(4):1000-16.e27.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"588_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2018.04.003","volume":"24","author":"R Rua","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rua R, McGavern DB. Advances in meningeal immunity. Trends Mol Med. 2018;24(6):542\u201359.","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.08.053","volume":"179","author":"M Prinz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Prinz M, Jung S, Priller J. Microglia biology: one century of evolving concepts. Cell. 2019;179(2):292\u2013311.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02419-0","volume":"10","author":"J Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang J, Fang W, Liu H, Li R, Zhu Z, Wu X, et al. Bone marrow B lymphopoiesis accelerates early cerebral amyloid pathology. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025;10(1):312.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"588_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00141-6","volume":"14","author":"A Waisman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Waisman A, Liblau RS, Becher B. Innate and adaptive immune responses in the CNS. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(9):945\u201355.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"17","key":"588_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.07.009","volume":"186","author":"ZI Kolabas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kolabas ZI, Kuemmerle LB, Perneczky R, F\u00f6rstera B, Ulukaya S, Ali M, et al. Distinct molecular profiles of skull bone marrow in health and neurological disorders. Cell. 2023;186(17):3706-25.e29.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"588_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01029-1","volume":"25","author":"JA Mazzitelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mazzitelli JA, Smyth LCD, Cross KA, Dykstra T, Sun J, Du S, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid regulates skull bone marrow niches via direct access through dural channels. Nat Neurosci. 2022;25(5):555\u201360.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"588_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.08.008","volume":"42","author":"M Lad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lad M, Beniwal AS, Jain S, Shukla P, Kalistratova V, Jung J, et al. Glioblastoma induces the recruitment and differentiation of dendritic-like \u201chybrid\u201d neutrophils from skull bone marrow. Cancer Cell. 2024;42(9):1549-69.e16.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02770-5","volume":"20","author":"Z Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu Z, Huang Y, Wang X, Li JY, Zhang C, Yang Y, et al. The cervical lymph node contributes to peripheral inflammation related to Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2023;20(1):93.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"3","key":"588_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14673","volume":"30","author":"W Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang W, Liu X, Chen Y, Liu M, Yuan J, Nie M, et al. CD4(+) CD11b(+) T cells infiltrate and aggravate the traumatic brain injury depending on brain-to-cervical lymph node signaling. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2024;30(3):e14673.","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5306","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13324-w","volume":"10","author":"E Esposito","year":"2019","unstructured":"Esposito E, Ahn BJ, Shi J, Nakamura Y, Park JH, Mandeville ET, et al. Brain-to-cervical lymph node signaling after stroke. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):5306.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"588_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-023-00729-2","volume":"24","author":"KL Chan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chan KL, Poller WC, Swirski FK, Russo SJ. Central regulation of stress-evoked peripheral immune responses. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2023;24(10):591\u2013604.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"588_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.10.102","volume":"25","author":"DB McKim","year":"2018","unstructured":"McKim DB, Yin W, Wang Y, Cole SW, Godbout JP, Sheridan JF. Social stress mobilizes hematopoietic stem cells to establish persistent splenic myelopoiesis. Cell Rep. 2018;25(9):2552-62.e3.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.1331","volume":"439","author":"G Cano","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cano G, Sved AF, Rinaman L, Rabin BS, Card JP. Characterization of the central nervous system innervation of the rat spleen using viral transneuronal tracing. J Comp Neurol. 2001;439(1):1\u201318.","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"19","key":"588_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.07.019","volume":"187","author":"H Chang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chang H, Perkins MH, Novaes LS, Qian F, Zhang T, Neckel PH, et al. Stress-sensitive neural circuits change the gut microbiome via duodenal glands. Cell. 2024;187(19):5393-412.e30.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"8017","key":"588_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07469-y","volume":"630","author":"H Jin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jin H, Li M, Jeong E, Castro-Martinez F, Zuker CS. A body-brain circuit that regulates body inflammatory responses. Nature. 2024;630(8017):695\u2013703.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"588_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0213-2","volume":"21","author":"F Herisson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Herisson F, Frodermann V, Courties G, Rohde D, Sun Y, Vandoorne K, et al. Direct vascular channels connect skull bone marrow and the brain surface enabling myeloid cell migration. Nat Neurosci. 2018;21(9):1209\u201317.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"6553","key":"588_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf7844","volume":"373","author":"A Cugurra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cugurra A, Mamuladze T, Rustenhoven J, Dykstra T, Beroshvili G, Greenberg ZJ, et al. Skull and vertebral bone marrow are myeloid cell reservoirs for the meninges and CNS parenchyma. Science. 2021;373(6553):eabf7844.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6553","key":"588_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf9277","volume":"373","author":"S Brioschi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brioschi S, Wang WL, Peng V, Wang M, Shchukina I, Greenberg ZJ, et al. Heterogeneity of meningeal B cells reveals a lymphopoietic niche at the CNS borders. Science. 2021;373(6553):eabf9277.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"588_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03152-x","volume":"30","author":"C Dobersalske","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dobersalske C, Rauschenbach L, Hua Y, Berliner C, Steinbach A, Gr\u00fcneboom A, et al. Cranioencephalic functional lymphoid units in glioblastoma. Nat Med. 2024;30(10):2947\u201356.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"7716","key":"588_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0342-5","volume":"560","author":"H Yao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yao H, Price TT, Cantelli G, Ngo B, Warner MJ, Olivere L, et al. Leukaemia hijacks a neural mechanism to invade the central nervous system. Nature. 2018;560(7716):55\u201360.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6702","key":"588_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh5548","volume":"384","author":"AE Whiteley","year":"2024","unstructured":"Whiteley AE, Ma D, Wang L, Yu SY, Yin C, Price TT, et al. Breast cancer exploits neural signaling pathways for bone-to-meninges metastasis. Science. 2024;384(6702):eadh5548.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"588_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww113","volume":"139","author":"L Mayo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mayo L, Cunha AP, Madi A, Beynon V, Yang Z, Alvarez JI, et al. IL-10-dependent Tr1 cells attenuate astrocyte activation and ameliorate chronic central nervous system inflammation. Brain. 2016;139(Pt 7):1939\u201357.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"263","key":"588_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009759","volume":"6","author":"V Braniste","year":"2014","unstructured":"Braniste V, Al-Asmakh M, Kowal C, Anuar F, Abbaspour A, T\u00f3th M, et al. The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(263):263ra158.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"588_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4030","volume":"18","author":"D Erny","year":"2015","unstructured":"Erny D, Hrab\u011b de Angelis AL, Jaitin D, Wieghofer P, Staszewski O, David E, et al. Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS. Nat Neurosci. 2015;18(7):965\u201377.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19836-7","volume":"8","author":"Y Tahara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tahara Y, Yamazaki M, Sukigara H, Motohashi H, Sasaki H, Miyakawa H, et al. Gut microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids induce circadian clock entrainment in mouse peripheral tissue. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1395.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7035","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43502-1","volume":"9","author":"\u00c9 Szentirmai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Szentirmai \u00c9, Millican NS, Massie AR, Kap\u00e1s L. Butyrate, a metabolite of intestinal bacteria, enhances sleep. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):7035.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"588_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084235","volume":"22","author":"CM Cuesta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cuesta CM, Guerri C, Ure\u00f1a J, Pascual M. Role of microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles in gut-brain communication. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(8):4235.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"588_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70331","volume":"21","author":"X Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao X, Yu J, Xu B, Xu Z, Lei X, Han S, et al. Gut-derived bacterial vesicles carrying lipopolysaccharide promote microglia-mediated synaptic pruning. Alzheimers Dement. 2025;21(8):e70331.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-36573-4","volume":"16","author":"B Roy","year":"2026","unstructured":"Roy B, Lubera V, Singh KR, Singh A, Karunamuni DR, Kosoyan DE, et al. Glymphatic system impairment in type II diabetes mellitus adults. Sci Rep. 2026;16(1):7286.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"588_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2024.11.005","volume":"36","author":"B Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen B, Meseguer D, Lenck S, Thomas JL, Schneeberger M. Rewiring of the glymphatic landscape in metabolic disorders. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2025;36(8):710\u201320.","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-024-00211-7","volume":"11","author":"A Lashkari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lashkari A. The effects of diabetes on the glymphatic system: recent advances and mechanistic insights. Cardiovasc Diabetol Endocrinol Rep. 2025;11(1):14.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol Endocrinol Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12020401","volume":"12","author":"ED Boyd","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boyd ED, Zhang L, Ding G, Li L, Lu M, Li Q, et al. The glymphatic response to the development of type 2 diabetes. Biomedicines. 2024;12(2):401.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16654702","volume":"37","author":"Q Jiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiang Q, Zhang L, Ding G, Davoodi-Bojd E, Li Q, Li L, et al. Impairment of the glymphatic system after diabetes. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2017;37(4):1326\u201337.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"588_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaf225","volume":"80","author":"D Luo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Luo D, Zeng P, Zeng B, Li B, Nie L, Peng Y, et al. Large-vessel hemodynamics are associated with glymphatic dysfunction and cognitive impairment in cerebral small vessel disease. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2025;80(12):glaf225.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-021-01690-3","volume":"45","author":"S Soldozy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Soldozy S, Ya\u011fmurlu K, Kumar J, Elarjani T, Burks J, Jamshidi A, et al. Interplay between vascular hemodynamics and the glymphatic system in the pathogenesis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, exploring novel neuroimaging diagnostics. Neurosurg Rev. 2022;45(2):1255\u201361.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"588_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124407","volume":"21","author":"WA Banks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Banks WA, Sharma P, Bullock KM, Hansen KM, Ludwig N, Whiteside TL. Transport of extracellular vesicles across the blood-brain barrier: brain pharmacokinetics and effects of inflammation. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(12):4407.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"588_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001874","volume":"12","author":"K Ridder","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ridder K, Keller S, Dams M, Rupp AK, Schlaudraff J, Del Turco D, et al. Extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of genetic information between the hematopoietic system and the brain in response to inflammation. PLoS Biol. 2014;12(6):e1001874.","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00796-x","volume":"10","author":"M Leguizamon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leguizamon M, McKnight CD, Ponzo T, Elenberger J, Eisma JJ, Song AK, et al. Intravenous arachnoid granulation hypertrophy in patients with Parkinson disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2024;10(1):177.","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"588_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104381","volume":"86","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Ran W, Luo Z, Wang J, Fang M, Wei K, et al. Impaired peri-olfactory cerebrospinal fluid clearance is associated with ageing, cognitive decline and dyssomnia. EBioMedicine. 2022;86:104381.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0297-y","volume":"25","author":"DA Nation","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nation DA, Sweeney MD, Montagne A, Sagare AP, D\u2019Orazio LM, Pachicano M, et al. Blood-brain barrier breakdown is an early biomarker of human cognitive dysfunction. Nat Med. 2019;25(2):270\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"588_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11934","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11934","volume":"7","author":"Y Iturria-Medina","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iturria-Medina Y, Sotero RC, Toussaint PJ, Mateos-P\u00e9rez JM, Evans AC. Early role of vascular dysregulation on late-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease based on multifactorial data-driven analysis. Nat Commun. 2016;7:11934.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"588_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12004","volume":"23","author":"JD Sengillo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sengillo JD, Winkler EA, Walker CT, Sullivan JS, Johnson M, Zlokovic BV. Deficiency in mural vascular cells coincides with blood-brain barrier disruption in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain Pathol. 2013;23(3):303\u201310.","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz011","volume":"142","author":"Y Yamazaki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yamazaki Y, Shinohara M, Shinohara M, Yamazaki A, Murray ME, Liesinger AM, et al. Selective loss of cortical endothelial tight junction proteins during Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression. Brain. 2019;142(4):1077\u201392.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"588_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww017","volume":"139","author":"L Hamelin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hamelin L, Lagarde J, Doroth\u00e9e G, Leroy C, Labit M, Comley RA, et al. Early and protective microglial activation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a prospective study using 18F-DPA-714 PET imaging. Brain. 2016;139(Pt 4):1252\u201364.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"588_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-019-0147-y","volume":"8","author":"W Zou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zou W, Pu T, Feng W, Lu M, Zheng Y, Du R, et al. Blocking meningeal lymphatic drainage aggravates Parkinson\u2019s disease-like pathology in mice overexpressing mutated \u03b1-synuclein. Transl Neurodegener. 2019;8:7.","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"issue":"7858","key":"588_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03489-0","volume":"593","author":"S Da Mesquita","year":"2021","unstructured":"Da Mesquita S, Papadopoulos Z, Dykstra T, Brase L, Farias FG, Wall M, et al. Meningeal lymphatics affect microglia responses and anti-A\u03b2 immunotherapy. Nature. 2021;593(7858):255\u201360.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.230299","volume":"13","author":"YR Wen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wen YR, Yang JH, Wang X, Yao ZB. Induced dural lymphangiogenesis facilities soluble amyloid-beta clearance from brain in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neural Regen Res. 2018;13(4):709\u201316.","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-022-00291-4","volume":"11","author":"A Zamani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zamani A, Walker AK, Rollo B, Ayers KL, Farah R, O\u2019Brien TJ, et al. Impaired glymphatic function in the early stages of disease in a TDP-43 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Transl Neurodegener. 2022;11(1):17.","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"issue":"8041","key":"588_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08163-9","volume":"636","author":"BI Koh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Koh BI, Mohanakrishnan V, Jeong HW, Park H, Kruse K, Choi YJ, et al. Adult skull bone marrow is an expanding and resilient haematopoietic reservoir. Nature. 2024;636(8041):172\u201381.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"588_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.12.1791","volume":"58","author":"DR Thal","year":"2002","unstructured":"Thal DR, R\u00fcb U, Orantes M, Braak H. Phases of A beta-deposition in the human brain and its relevance for the development of AD. Neurology. 2002;58(12):1791\u2013800.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00308809","volume":"82","author":"H Braak","year":"1991","unstructured":"Braak H, Braak E. Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol. 1991;82(4):239\u201359.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00065-9","volume":"24","author":"H Braak","year":"2003","unstructured":"Braak H, Del Tredici K, R\u00fcb U, de Vos RA, Jansen Steur EN, Braak E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2003;24(2):197\u2013211.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR121","first-page":"584","volume":"15","author":"Q Wen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wen Q, Wang H, Haacke EM, Jiang Q, Hu J. Contribution of direct cerebral vascular transport in brain substance clearance. Aging Dis. 2024;15(2):584\u2013600.","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"issue":"13","key":"588_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.121537","volume":"3","author":"G Ringstad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ringstad G, Valnes LM, Dale AM, Pripp AH, Vatnehol SS, Emblem KE, et al. Brain-wide glymphatic enhancement and clearance in humans assessed with MRI. JCI Insight. 2018;3(13):e121537.","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"588_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467085","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1467085","volume":"12","author":"R Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang R, Li J, Li X, Zhang S. Therapeutic approaches to CNS diseases via the meningeal lymphatic and glymphatic system: prospects and challenges. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2024;12:1467085.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"588_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-022-00500-9","volume":"21","author":"TJ Lohela","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lohela TJ, Lilius TO, Nedergaard M. The glymphatic system: implications for drugs for central nervous system diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2022;21(10):763\u201379.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"9","key":"588_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11443","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-04992-5","volume":"62","author":"H Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun H, Cao Q, He X, Du X, Jiang X, Wu T, et al. Melatonin mitigates sleep restriction-induced cognitive and glymphatic dysfunction via aquaporin-4 polarization. Mol Neurobiol. 2025;62(9):11443\u201365.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02614-z","volume":"13","author":"D Yao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yao D, Li R, Hao J, Huang H, Wang X, Ran L, et al. Melatonin alleviates depression-like behaviors and cognitive dysfunction in mice by regulating the circadian rhythm of AQP4 polarization. Transl Psychiatry. 2023;13(1):310.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"588_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-025-01543-9","volume":"42","author":"S Wang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang S, Wu D, Chen G, Yuan J, Zheng L, Huang X, et al. Agomelatine targets aquaporin-4 polarization to rescue glymphatic dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci Bull. 2026;42(5):1079\u201394.","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26641","volume":"94","author":"BP Lucey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lucey BP, Liu H, Toedebusch CD, Freund D, Redrick T, Chahin SL, et al. Suvorexant acutely decreases tau phosphorylation and A\u03b2 in the human CNS. Ann Neurol. 2023;94(1):27\u201340.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"588_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-01966-7","volume":"28","author":"S Parhizkar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Parhizkar S, Bao X, Chen W, Rensing N, Chen Y, Kipnis M, et al. Lemborexant ameliorates tau-mediated sleep loss and neurodegeneration in males in a mouse model of tauopathy. Nat Neurosci. 2025;28(7):1460\u201372.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-68374-8","volume":"17","author":"P Dagum","year":"2026","unstructured":"Dagum P, Elbert DL, Giovangrandi L, Singh T, Venkatesh VV, Corbellini A, et al. The glymphatic system clears amyloid beta and tau from brain to plasma in humans. Nat Commun. 2026;17(1):715.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"588_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa443","volume":"144","author":"PK Eide","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eide PK, Vinje V, Pripp AH, Mardal KA, Ringstad G. Sleep deprivation impairs molecular clearance from the human brain. Brain. 2021;144(3):863\u201374.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45656-7","volume":"15","author":"M Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang M, Yan C, Li X, Yang T, Wu S, Liu Q, et al. Non-invasive modulation of meningeal lymphatics ameliorates ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease-associated pathology and cognition in mice. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):1453.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"12","key":"588_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3645","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170391","volume":"214","author":"S Antila","year":"2017","unstructured":"Antila S, Karaman S, Nurmi H, Airavaara M, Voutilainen MH, Mathivet T, et al. Development and plasticity of meningeal lymphatic vessels. J Exp Med. 2017;214(12):3645\u201367.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20221983","volume":"221","author":"LSB Boisserand","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boisserand LSB, Geraldo LH, Bouchart J, El Kamouh MR, Lee S, Sanganahalli BG, et al. VEGF-C prophylaxis favors lymphatic drainage and modulates neuroinflammation in a stroke model. J Exp Med. 2024;221(4):e20221983.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"588_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01604-8","volume":"27","author":"D Choi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choi D, Park E, Choi J, Lu R, Yu JS, Kim C, et al. Piezo1 regulates meningeal lymphatic vessel drainage and alleviates excessive CSF accumulation. Nat Neurosci. 2024;27(5):913\u201326.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14518","volume":"21","author":"X Lu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lu X, Bai S, Feng L, Yan X, Lin Y, Huang J, et al. Cranial bone maneuver ameliorates Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology via enhancing meningeal lymphatic drainage function. Alzheimers Dement. 2025;21(2):e14518.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.037912","volume":"53","author":"S Bai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bai S, Lu X, Pan Q, Wang B, Pong UK, Yang Y, et al. Cranial bone transport promotes angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and modulates meningeal lymphatic function in middle cerebral artery occlusion rats. Stroke. 2022;53(4):1373\u201385.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"588_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-0956-4_47","volume":"114","author":"F Kralick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kralick F, Oh J, Medina T, Noh HM. Micro-fabricated shunt to mimic arachnoid granulations for the treatment of communicating hydrocephalus. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2012;114:239\u201342.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl"},{"issue":"5","key":"588_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.0c00181","volume":"5","author":"S Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee S, Bristol RE, Preul MC, Chae J. Three-dimensionally printed microelectromechanical-system hydrogel valve for communicating hydrocephalus. ACS Sens. 2020;5(5):1398\u2013404.","journal-title":"ACS Sens"},{"issue":"5","key":"588_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2021-018136","volume":"14","author":"P Lylyk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lylyk P, Lylyk I, Bleise C, Scrivano E, Lylyk PN, Beneduce B, et al. First-in-human endovascular treatment of hydrocephalus with a miniature biomimetic transdural shunt. J Neurointerv Surg. 2022;14(5):495\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2018-014172","volume":"11","author":"P Nicholson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nicholson P, Brinjikji W, Radovanovic I, Hilditch CA, Tsang ACO, Krings T, et al. Venous sinus stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurointerv Surg. 2019;11(4):380\u20135.","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4274\/tjo.galenos.2022.45057","volume":"53","author":"SC \u00d6zcan","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u00d6zcan SC, Deveci N, \u00d6zarslan \u00d6zcan D, \u00d6nder F. Efficacy of optic nerve sheath fenestration in patients with increased intracranial pressure. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2023;53(1):13\u20137.","journal-title":"Turk J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-024-06345-y","volume":"166","author":"K Prokop","year":"2024","unstructured":"Prokop K, Op\u0119chowska A, Sie\u015bkiewicz A, Lisowski \u0141, Mariak Z, \u0141yso\u0144 T. Effectiveness of optic nerve sheath fenestration in preserving vision in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: an updated meta-analysis and systematic review. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2024;166(1):476.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"issue":"12","key":"588_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.71038","volume":"21","author":"Q Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen Q, Wen Q, Zhong T, Liu J, Gao H. Deep cervical lymphaticovenous anastomosis for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a narrative review. Alzheimers Dement. 2025;21(12):e71038.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"7","key":"588_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4211","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002490","volume":"111","author":"JY Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen JY, Zhao DW, Yin Y, Gui L, Chen X, Wang XM, et al. Deep cervical lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA) for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: microsurgical procedure in a prospective cohort study. Int J Surg. 2025;111(7):4211\u201321.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-025-00676-3","volume":"22","author":"MM Frey","year":"2025","unstructured":"Frey MM, Zohoorian N, Skauli N, Ottersen OP, Amiry-Moghaddam M. Are diurnal variations in glymphatic clearance driven by circadian regulation of Aquaporin-4 expression? Fluids Barriers CNS. 2025;22(1):64.","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11530-z","volume":"270","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang J, Tian Y, Qin C, Meng L, Feng R, Xu S, et al. Impaired glymphatic drainage underlying obstructive sleep apnea is associated with cognitive dysfunction. J Neurol. 2023;270(4):2204\u201316.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"588_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S522745","volume":"17","author":"YL Tang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tang YL, Chen HB, Liu P, Liao YH, Xie A. Glymphatic function alterations in sleep disorder patients post-COVID-19: a longitudinal DTI-ALPS study. Nat Sci Sleep. 2025;17:1377\u201390.","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"588_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00144","volume":"10","author":"XF He","year":"2017","unstructured":"He XF, Liu DX, Zhang Q, Liang FY, Dai GY, Zeng JS, et al. Voluntary exercise promotes glymphatic clearance of amyloid beta and reduces the activation of astrocytes and microglia in aged mice. Front Mol Neurosci. 2017;10:144.","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201600896","volume":"31","author":"H Ren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ren H, Luo C, Feng Y, Yao X, Shi Z, Liang F, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids promote amyloid-\u03b2 clearance from the brain through mediating the function of the glymphatic system. FASEB J. 2017;31(1):282\u201393.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"588_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.07.036","volume":"122","author":"N Uchimura","year":"2024","unstructured":"Uchimura N, Ozone M, Suzuki M, Taniguchi M, Kuriyama K, Togo O, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of daridorexant in Japanese patients with insomnia disorder. Sleep Med. 2024;122:64\u201370.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.st.2020-0292","volume":"61","author":"M Nakajima","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nakajima M, Yamada S, Miyajima M, Ishii K, Kuriyama N, Kazui H, et al. Guidelines for management of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (third edition): endorsed by the Japanese society of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2021;61(2):63\u201397.","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-017-0617-z","volume":"35","author":"T Taoka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Taoka T, Masutani Y, Kawai H, Nakane T, Matsuoka K, Yasuno F, et al. Evaluation of glymphatic system activity with the diffusion MR technique: diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) in Alzheimer\u2019s disease cases. Jpn J Radiol. 2017;35(4):172\u20138.","journal-title":"Jpn J Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.252070","volume":"318","author":"I Mossige","year":"2026","unstructured":"Mossige I, Valnes LM, Stor\u00e5s TH, Emblem KE, Eide PK, Ringstad G. Comparing glymphatic function measures: diffusion tensor image analysis along perivascular spaces (DTI-ALPS) versus intrathecal contrast-enhanced MRI. Radiology. 2026;318(2):e252070.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"588_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taoka T, Ito R, Nakamichi R, Nakane T, Naganawa S. Diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS): redefining its interpretation and role. Jpn J Radiol. 2026.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-026-02035-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14195-x","volume":"11","author":"G Ringstad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ringstad G, Eide PK. Cerebrospinal fluid tracer efflux to parasagittal dura in humans. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):354.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"6465","key":"588_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax5440","volume":"366","author":"NE Fultz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fultz NE, Bonmassar G, Setsompop K, Stickgold RA, Rosen BR, Polimeni JR, et al. Coupled electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and cerebrospinal fluid oscillations in human sleep. Science. 2019;366(6465):628\u201331.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"588_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0934-21.2022","volume":"42","author":"H Helakari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Helakari H, Korhonen V, Holst SC, Piispala J, Kallio M, V\u00e4yrynen T, et al. Human NREM sleep promotes brain-wide vasomotor and respiratory pulsations. J Neurosci. 2022;42(12):2503\u201315.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Translational Neurodegeneration"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40035-026-00588-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40035-026-00588-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40035-026-00588-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:02:47Z","timestamp":1791565367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40035-026-00588-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"references-count":158,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["588"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40035-026-00588-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-9158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-9158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"53"}}