{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T20:42:29Z","timestamp":1783111349985,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Institute of Tropical Agriculture","award":["00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agric Econ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Food insecurity remains a serious challenge for many households in Africa and the situation is even more prevalent among young people. However, there is a dearth of empirical evidence on youth food security status in Africa. We assessed the level and determinants of food security among young farmers in Africa. We adopted a multi-stage sampling technique to select 400, 429, and 606 young farmers in Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda, respectively. Individual food consumption was assessed following a 7 days recall method. The Food Consumption Score, which combines dietary diversity and consumption frequency was used to assess food security status while the determinants of food security were identified using a logistic regression model. Results suggest low dietary diversity across the three countries. Also, the majority of the respondents had an unacceptable food consumption score, suggesting that despite being food producers, young farmers are still food insecure. The odds of being food secure was positively determined by access to extension services, participation in the ENABLE TAAT business incubation programme, and access to market information but, negatively by access to credit, number of employees, Covid-19 pandemic, and location. Additionally, the food security status of young female farmers was positively influenced by age, suggesting that younger youths are less food secure compared to older ones. These results suggest that more efforts should be directed towards improving the food security of young African farmers and that policy- and programme-level interventions should support access to extension services, market information, and land. Additionally, more investments should be directed towards developing need-based agribusiness incubation programmes with an effort to scale existing programmes beyond the regular one-time period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40100-023-00246-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T09:04:10Z","timestamp":1677143050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Assessing food security among young farmers in Africa: evidence from Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7035-4424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dolapo","family":"Adeyanju","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Mburu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wainaina","family":"Gituro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chepchumba","family":"Chumo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djana","family":"Mignouna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adebayo","family":"Ogunniyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Kehinde","family":"Akomolafe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Ejima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"246_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40066-022-00362-9","volume":"11","author":"PP Acheampong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Acheampong PP, Obeng EA, Opoku M, Brobbey L, Sakyiamah B (2022) Does food security exist among farm households? Evidence from Ghana. Agric Food Secur 11(1):1\u201313","journal-title":"Agric Food Secur"},{"issue":"4","key":"246_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.3390\/su13041697","volume":"13","author":"D Adeyanju","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adeyanju D, Mburu J, Mignouna D (2021a) Youth agricultural entrepreneurship: assessing the impact of agricultural training programmes on performance. Sustainability 13(4):1697","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"246_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1080\/14480220.2021.1905685","volume":"19","author":"D Adeyanju","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adeyanju D, Mburu J, Mignouna D, Akomolafe KJ (2021b) Determinants of youth participation in agricultural training programs: the case of fadama program in Nigeria. Int J Train Res 19:142","journal-title":"Int J Train Res"},{"issue":"21","key":"246_CR4","first-page":"514","volume":"9","author":"R Aidoo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aidoo R, Mensah JO, Tuffour T (2013) Determinants of household food security in the Sekyere-Afram plains district of Ghana. Eur Sci J 9(21):514","journal-title":"Eur Sci J"},{"issue":"10","key":"246_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.3390\/su11102807","volume":"11","author":"AS Akuffo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akuffo AS, Quagrainie KK (2019) Assessment of household food security in fish farming communities in Ghana. Sustainability 11(10):2807","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"246_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2021.102099","volume":"101","author":"M Amare","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amare M, Abay KA, Tiberti L, Chamberlin J (2021) COVID-19 and food security: panel data evidence from Nigeria. Food Policy 101:102099","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"246_CR7","first-page":"100141","volume":"4","author":"CS Aweke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aweke CS, Hassen JY, Wordofa MG, Moges DK, Endris GS, Rorisa DT (2021) Impact assessment of agricultural technologies on household food consumption and dietary diversity in eastern Ethiopia. J Agric Food Res 4:100141","journal-title":"J Agric Food Res"},{"key":"246_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2022.109393","volume":"145","author":"CO Aworh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aworh CO (2023) African traditional foods and sustainable food security. Food Control 145:109393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodcont.2022.109393","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"246_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-020-00073-0","volume":"4","author":"A Ayanlade","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ayanlade A, Radeny M (2020) COVID-19 and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa: implications of lockdown during agricultural planting seasons. Npj Sci Food 4(1):1\u20136","journal-title":"Npj Sci Food"},{"key":"246_CR10","unstructured":"African Development Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and United Nations Development Programme (2017) African Economic Outlook Report: Entrepreneurship and Industrialization (Vol. 10)"},{"issue":"4","key":"246_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-020-00469-1","volume":"112","author":"J Bhawra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhawra J, Kirkpatrick SI, Hammond D (2021) Food insecurity among Canadian youth and young adults: insights from the Canada Food Study. Can J Public Health 112(4):663\u2013675","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"246_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12475","volume":"18","author":"F Brouns","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brouns F, van Rooy G, Shewry P, Rustgi S, Jonkers D (2019) Adverse reactions to wheat or wheat components. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 18(5):1437\u20131452","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"246_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/2167696819833592","volume":"8","author":"PM Bukuluki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bukuluki PM, Kamya S, Kasirye R, Nabulya A (2020) Facilitating the transition of adolescents and emerging adults from care into employment in Kampala, Uganda: a case study of Uganda youth development link. Emerg Adulthood 8(1):35\u201344","journal-title":"Emerg Adulthood"},{"key":"246_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buszko M, Dziawgo L, Krupa D, Chojnacka M (2020) Adoption of banking products and services by young people: motives, terms, and preferences. In: Eurasian business perspectives. Springer. pp. 299\u2013316","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-35051-2_20"},{"issue":"4","key":"246_CR15","first-page":"265","volume":"15","author":"CL Cady","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cady CL (2014) Food insecurity as a student issue. J College Character 15(4):265\u2013272","journal-title":"J College Character"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"246_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1080\/03066150.2018.1482876","volume":"45","author":"B Cousins","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cousins B, Dubb A, Hornby D, Mtero F (2018) Social reproduction of \u2018classes of labour\u2019in the rural areas of South Africa: Contradictions and contestations. J Peasant Stud 45(5\u20136):1060\u20131085","journal-title":"J Peasant Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"246_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/19320248.2018.1512928","volume":"15","author":"AR Davidson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davidson AR, Morrell JS (2020) Food insecurity prevalence among university students in New Hampshire. J Hunger Environ Nutr 15(1):118\u2013127","journal-title":"J Hunger Environ Nutr"},{"key":"246_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2021.103137","volume":"191","author":"F Davila","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davila F, Bourke RM, McWilliam A, Crimp S, Robins L, Van Wensveen M, Alders RG, Butler JRA (2021) COVID-19 and food systems in Pacific Island Countries, Papua New Guinea, and Timor-Leste: opportunities for actions towards the sustainable development goals. Agric Syst 191:103137","journal-title":"Agric Syst"},{"key":"246_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2022.03.023","volume":"49","author":"LAA de Menezes-J\u00fanior","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Menezes-J\u00fanior LAA, de Souza Andrade AC, Coletro HN, de Deus Mendon\u00e7a R, de Menezes MC, Machado-Coelho GLL, Meireles AL (2022) Food consumption according to the level of processing and sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Nutr ESPEN 49:348","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"issue":"4","key":"246_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-020-01085-0","volume":"12","author":"S Devereux","year":"2020","unstructured":"Devereux S, B\u00e9n\u00e9 C, Hoddinott J (2020) Conceptualising COVID-19\u2019s impacts on household food security. Food Secur 12(4):769\u2013772","journal-title":"Food Secur"},{"issue":"1","key":"246_CR21","first-page":"66","volume":"12","author":"HM Dunga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dunga HM (2020) An empirical analysis on determinants of food security among female-headed households in South Africa. Int J Soc Sci Hum Stud 12(1):66\u201381","journal-title":"Int J Soc Sci Hum Stud"},{"key":"246_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100764","volume":"14","author":"FJ Elgar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elgar FJ, Sen A, Gari\u00e9py G, Pickett W, Davison C, Georgiades K, Hammami N, Da Silva MA, Gordon D, Melgar-Qui\u00f1onez HR (2021) Food insecurity, state fragility and youth mental health: a global perspective. SSM-Popul Health 14:100764","journal-title":"SSM-Popul Health"},{"key":"246_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"FAO (2021) The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021. In The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4060\/cb4474en","DOI":"10.4060\/cb4474en"},{"issue":"3","key":"246_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-0864.2005.00074.x","volume":"33","author":"ST Feleke","year":"2005","unstructured":"Feleke ST, Kilmer RL, Gladwin CH (2005) Determinants of food security in Southern Ethiopia at the household level. Agric Econ 33(3):351\u2013363","journal-title":"Agric Econ"},{"issue":"1","key":"246_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-021-00273-8","volume":"41","author":"MB Fite","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fite MB, Tura AK, Yadeta TA, Oljira L, Roba KT (2022) Factors associated with food consumption score among pregnant women in Eastern Ethiopia: a community-based study. J Health Popul Nutr 41(1):1\u20139","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"issue":"Supplement","key":"246_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.65.S2","volume":"65","author":"NK Fukagawa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fukagawa NK, Ziska LH (2019) Rice: Importance for global nutrition. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 65(Supplement):S2\u2013S3","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol"},{"key":"246_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2021.100529","volume":"29","author":"A Garbero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garbero A, J\u00e4ckering L (2021) The potential of agricultural programs for improving food security: a multi-country perspective. Glob Food Sec 29:100529","journal-title":"Glob Food Sec"},{"key":"246_CR28","first-page":"631","volume":"6","author":"RS Gardner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gardner RS, Mainetti M, Ascoli GA (2015) Older adults report moderately more detailed autobiographical memories. Front Psychol 6:631","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"246_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crm.2021.100333","volume":"33","author":"GG Gebre","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gebre GG (2021) Prevalence of household food insecurity in East Africa: Linking food access with climate vulnerability. Clim Risk Manag 33:100333","journal-title":"Clim Risk Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"246_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-019-00939-6","volume":"11","author":"KM Gebru","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gebru KM, Rammelt C, Leung M, Zoomers A, van Westen G (2019) Inclusive malt barley business and household food security in Lay Gayint district of northern Ethiopia. Food SecuR 11(4):953\u2013966","journal-title":"Food SecuR"},{"key":"246_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6985","author":"AS George","year":"2020","unstructured":"George AS, Amin A, de Abreu Lopes CM, Ravindran TKS (2020) Structural determinants of gender inequality: why they matter for adolescent girls\u2019 sexual and reproductive health. BMJ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l6985","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"246_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/rode.12703","volume":"24","author":"D Gunewardena","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gunewardena D, Seck A (2020) Heterogeneity in entrepreneurship in developing countries: Risk, credit, and migration and the entrepreneurial propensity of youth and women. Rev Dev Econ 24(3):713\u2013725","journal-title":"Rev Dev Econ"},{"issue":"1","key":"246_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4797.2009.01029.x","volume":"32","author":"C Hadley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hadley C, Belachew T, Lindstrom D, Tessema F (2009) The forgotten population? Youth, food insecurity, and rising prices: implications for the global food crisis. NAPA Bull 32(1):77\u201391","journal-title":"NAPA Bull"},{"issue":"11","key":"246_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-017-0063-0","volume":"72","author":"HA Harris-Fry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harris-Fry HA, Paudel P, Shrestha N, Harrisson T, Beard BJ, Jha S, Shrestha BP, Manandhar DS, Costello AMDL, Cortina-Borja M (2018) Status and determinants of intra-household food allocation in rural Nepal. Eur J Clin Nutr 72(11):1524\u20131536","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"246_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2019.03.002","volume":"84","author":"Y Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang Y, Tian X (2019) Food accessibility, diversity of agricultural production and dietary pattern in rural China. Food Policy 84:92\u2013102","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"246_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333242","DOI":"10.1080\/23311932.2017.1333242","volume":"3","author":"S Iftikhar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iftikhar S, Mahmood HZ (2017) Ranking and relationship of agricultural credit with food security: a district level analysis. Cogent Food Agric 3(1):1333242","journal-title":"Cogent Food Agric"},{"key":"246_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1108\/JADEE-06-2020-0130","volume":"11","author":"HE Inegbedion","year":"2020","unstructured":"Inegbedion HE (2020) COVID-19 lockdown: implication for food security. J Agribus Dev Emerg Econ 11:437","journal-title":"J Agribus Dev Emerg Econ"},{"issue":"1","key":"246_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1515\/jos-2017-0007","volume":"33","author":"O Kaminska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaminska O, Lynn P (2017) Survey-based cross-country comparisons where countries vary in sample design: issues and solutions. J Offic Stat 33(1):123\u2013136","journal-title":"J Offic Stat"},{"key":"246_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.105199","volume":"137","author":"MK Kansiime","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kansiime MK, Tambo JA, Mugambi I, Bundi M, Kara A, Owuor C (2021) COVID-19 implications on household income and food security in Kenya and Uganda: findings from a rapid assessment. World Dev 137:105199","journal-title":"World Dev"},{"key":"246_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2019.01.005","volume":"20","author":"JB Larson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Larson JB, Castellanos P, Jensen L (2019) Gender, household food security, and dietary diversity in western Honduras. Glob Food Sec 20:170\u2013179","journal-title":"Glob Food Sec"},{"issue":"9","key":"246_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305783","volume":"110","author":"N Larson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Larson N, Laska MN, Neumark-Sztainer D (2020) Food insecurity, diet quality, home food availability, and health risk behaviors among emerging adults: findings from the EAT 2010\u20132018 study. Am J Public Health 110(9):1422\u20131428","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"246_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2019.06.251","volume":"119","author":"CW Leung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leung CW, Wolfson JA, Lahne J, Barry MR, Kasper N, Cohen AJ (2019) Associations between food security status and diet-related outcomes among students at a large, public midwestern university. J Acad Nutr Diet 119(10):1623\u20131631","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"7","key":"246_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980020001998","volume":"24","author":"EI Loftus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Loftus EI, Lachaud J, Hwang SW, Mejia-Lancheros C (2021) Food insecurity and mental health outcomes among homeless adults: a scoping review. Public Health Nutr 24(7):1766\u20131777","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"246_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/aje.12935","volume":"60","author":"R Makwinja","year":"2021","unstructured":"Makwinja R, Mengistou S, Kaunda E, Alamirew T (2021) Economic value of tropical inland freshwater shallow lakes: lesson from Lake Malombe, Malawi. Afr J Ecol 60:566","journal-title":"Afr J Ecol"},{"key":"246_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105180","volume":"116","author":"R Masa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Masa R, Khan Z, Chowa G (2020) Youth food insecurity in Ghana and South Africa: prevalence, socioeconomic correlates, and moderation effect of gender. Child Youth Serv Rev 116:105180","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"246_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40066-021-00340-7","volume":"11","author":"C Matavel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matavel C, Hoffmann H, Rybak C, Steinke J, Sieber S, M\u00fcller K (2022) Understanding the drivers of food security among agriculture-based households in Guru\u00e9 District. Central Mozambique Agric Food Secur 11(1):1\u201315","journal-title":"Central Mozambique Agric Food Secur"},{"issue":"2","key":"246_CR47","first-page":"165","volume":"12","author":"G Matchaya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Matchaya G, Chilonda P (2012) Estimating effects of constraints on food security in Malawi: policy lessons from regressions quantiles. Appl Econ Int Dev 12(2):165\u2013191","journal-title":"Appl Econ Int Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"246_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2017.10.011","volume":"50","author":"LH McArthur","year":"2018","unstructured":"McArthur LH, Ball L, Danek AC, Holbert D (2018) A high prevalence of food insecurity among university students in Appalachia reflects a need for educational interventions and policy advocacy. J Nutr Educ Behav 50(6):564\u2013572","journal-title":"J Nutr Educ Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"246_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071386","DOI":"10.1080\/23322039.2022.2071386","volume":"10","author":"BS Mulume","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mulume BS, Dontsop Nguezet PM, Nyamugira Biringanine A, Jean-Jacques MS, Manyong V, Bamba Z (2022) Farmers\u2019 credit access in the Democratic Republic of Congo: empirical evidence from youth tomato farmers in Ruzizi plain in South Kivu. Cogent Econ Financ 10(1):2071386","journal-title":"Cogent Econ Financ"},{"key":"246_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulwa R, Kabubo-Mariara J (2022) Rural households income diversification, climate change and food security in Kenya. In: Handbook of behavioral economics and climate change. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 226\u2013243","DOI":"10.4337\/9781800880740.00017"},{"key":"246_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2021.100524","volume":"29","author":"EB Nchanji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nchanji EB, Lutomia CK (2021) Regional impact of COVID-19 on the production and food security of common bean smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implication for SDGs. Glob Food Sec 29:100524","journal-title":"Glob Food Sec"},{"issue":"2","key":"246_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.25079\/ukhjss.v2n2y2018.pp1-10","volume":"2","author":"J Ndagijimana","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ndagijimana J, Nzasingizimana T, Heshmati A (2018) An analysis of the determinants of youth employment in Rwanda. UKH J Social Sci 2(2):1\u201310","journal-title":"UKH J Social Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"246_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.3390\/su10093307","volume":"10","author":"PZ Ngema","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ngema PZ, Sibanda M, Musemwa L (2018) Household food security status and its determinants in Maphumulo local municipality, South Africa. Sustainability 10(9):3307","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"9","key":"246_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.3390\/su11092715","volume":"11","author":"W Nkomoki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nkomoki W, Bavorov\u00e1 M, Banout J (2019) Factors associated with household food security in Zambia. Sustainability 11(9):2715","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"2","key":"246_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/jid.3440","volume":"32","author":"EO Nwosu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nwosu EO, Anumudu CN, Nnamchi CE (2020) Microeconomic determinants of household savings in Nigeria. J Int Dev 32(2):150\u2013167","journal-title":"J Int Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"246_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-020-02590-7","volume":"155","author":"AI Ogunniyi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ogunniyi AI, Omotoso SO, Salman KK, Omotayo AO, Olagunju KO, Aremu AO (2021) Socio-economic Drivers of food security among rural households in Nigeria: evidence from smallholder maize farmers. Soc Indic Res 155(2):583\u2013599","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"246_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.47721\/ARJEE20180101025","volume":"1","author":"OO Olubanjo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olubanjo OO, Alade AE (2018) Growth and yield response of cayenne pepper plant grown in different substrates culture of drip hydroponic farming method. Appl Res J Environ Eng 1(1):14\u201321","journal-title":"Appl Res J Environ Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"246_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3765","volume":"32","author":"H Omara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Omara H, Odongo W, Kule EK (2021) Adoption of environmentally friendly agricultural technologies among smallholder farmers: the case of rocket barn technology in flue-cured tobacco curing in Uganda. Land Degrad Dev 32(2):965\u2013974","journal-title":"Land Degrad Dev"},{"key":"246_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/21632324.2020.1806601","volume":"11","author":"OJ Ovharhe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ovharhe OJ, Ebewore SO, Alakpa SOE (2020) Rural-urban migration of farmers in Delta and Edo States, Nigeria: policy implications. Migr Dev 11:163","journal-title":"Migr Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"246_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3390\/economies7040103","volume":"7","author":"Z Oyetunde-Usman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oyetunde-Usman Z, Olagunju KO (2019) Determinants of food security and technical efficiency among agricultural households in Nigeria. Economies 7(4):103","journal-title":"Economies"},{"issue":"4","key":"246_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/ajae\/aay012","volume":"100","author":"Y Pan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pan Y, Smith SC, Sulaiman M (2018) Agricultural extension and technology adoption for food security: evidence from Uganda. Am J Agr Econ 100(4):1012\u20131031","journal-title":"Am J Agr Econ"},{"key":"246_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2020.101976","volume":"100","author":"N Poole","year":"2021","unstructured":"Poole N, Donovan J, Erenstein O (2021) Agri-nutrition research: revisiting the contribution of maize and wheat to human nutrition and health. Food Policy 100:101976","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"246_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2018.12.007","volume":"20","author":"C Ragasa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ragasa C, Aberman N-L, Mingote CA (2019) Does providing agricultural and nutrition information to both men and women improve household food security? Evidence from Malawi. Glob Food Sec 20:45\u201359","journal-title":"Glob Food Sec"},{"issue":"4","key":"246_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3368\/le.94.4.541","volume":"94","author":"J Ricker-Gilbert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ricker-Gilbert J, Chamberlin J (2018) Transaction costs, land rental markets, and their impact on youth access to agriculture in Tanzania. Land Econ 94(4):541\u2013555","journal-title":"Land Econ"},{"issue":"4","key":"246_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041120","volume":"13","author":"J-S Shim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shim J-S, Shim S-Y, Cha H-J, Kim J, Kim HC (2021) Socioeconomic characteristics and trends in the consumption of ultra-processed foods in Korea from 2010 to 2018. Nutrients 13(4):1120","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"246_CR66","first-page":"e00262","volume":"7","author":"TA Sisha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sisha TA (2020) Household level food insecurity assessment: evidence from panel data, Ethiopia. Sci Afr 7:e00262","journal-title":"Sci Afr"},{"issue":"2","key":"246_CR67","first-page":"512","volume":"2","author":"S Sithole","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sithole S, Dinbabo MF (2016) Exploring youth migration and the food security nexus: Zimbabwean youths in Cape Town, South Africa. Afr Hum Mobility Rev 2(2):512\u2013537","journal-title":"Afr Hum Mobility Rev"},{"key":"246_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2017.01.006","volume":"93","author":"MD Smith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smith MD, Rabbitt MP, Coleman-Jensen A (2017) Who are the world\u2019s food insecure? New evidence from the Food and Agriculture Organization\u2019s food insecurity experience scale. World Dev 93:402\u2013412","journal-title":"World Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"246_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10460-017-9805-9","volume":"35","author":"H Sseguya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sseguya H, Mazur RE, Flora CB (2018) Social capital dimensions in household food security interventions: implications for rural Uganda. Agric Hum Values 35(1):117\u2013129","journal-title":"Agric Hum Values"},{"key":"246_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2020.102873","volume":"183","author":"EC Stephens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stephens EC, Martin G, van Wijk M, Timsina J, Snow V (2020) Impacts of COVID-19 on agricultural and food systems worldwide and on progress to the sustainable development goals. Agric Syst 183:102873","journal-title":"Agric Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"246_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-017-0756-1","volume":"10","author":"BY Tesfamariam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tesfamariam BY, Owusu-Sekyere E, Emmanuel D, Elizabeth TB (2018) The impact of the homestead food garden programme on food security in South Africa. Food Secur 10(1):95\u2013110","journal-title":"Food Secur"},{"issue":"2","key":"246_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10795-008-9047-5","volume":"22","author":"A Tesfaye","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tesfaye A, Bogale A, Namara RE, Bacha D (2008) The impact of small-scale irrigation on household food security: the case of Filtino and Godino irrigation schemes in Ethiopia. Irrig Drain Syst 22(2):145\u2013158","journal-title":"Irrig Drain Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"246_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdy063","volume":"41","author":"M Tong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tong M, Tieu L, Lee CT, Ponath C, Guzman D, Kushel M (2019) Factors associated with food insecurity among older homeless adults: results from the HOPE HOME study. J Public Health 41(2):240\u2013249","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"246_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-020-01011-4","volume":"12","author":"C Tuholske","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tuholske C, Andam K, Blekking J, Evans T, Caylor K (2020) Comparing measures of urban food security in Accra, Ghana. Food Secur 12(2):417\u2013431","journal-title":"Food Secur"},{"key":"246_CR75","unstructured":"United Nations World Food Program. (2008). Food consumption score: Construction of the FCS. World Food Programme, April, 1\u2013102. http:\/\/documents.wfp.org\/stellent\/groups\/public\/documents\/ena\/wfp196627.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"246_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40100-021-00190-8","volume":"9","author":"MA Usman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Usman MA, Callo-Concha D (2021) Does market access improve dietary diversity and food security? Evidence from Southwestern Ethiopian smallholder coffee producers. Agric Food Econ 9(1):1\u201321","journal-title":"Agric Food Econ"},{"key":"246_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2020.100358","volume":"25","author":"H van Meijl","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Meijl H, Shutes L, Valin H, Stehfest E, van Dijk M, Kuiper M, Tabeau A, van Zeist W-J, Hasegawa T, Havlik P (2020) Modelling alternative futures of global food security: insights from food secure. Glob Food Sec 25:100358","journal-title":"Glob Food Sec"},{"key":"246_CR78","unstructured":"Wieck C, Rudloff B, Heucher A (2014) Agri-investments and public spending in selected vulnerable countries\u2013will they contribute to reduce food insecurity?"},{"key":"246_CR79","unstructured":"Wiesmann D, Bassett L, Benson T, Hoddinott J (2009) Validation of the World Food Programmes Food Consumption Score and alternative indicators of household food security. Intl Food Policy Res Inst"},{"issue":"1","key":"246_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3861-8","volume":"16","author":"A Workicho","year":"2016","unstructured":"Workicho A, Belachew T, Feyissa GT, Wondafrash B, Lachat C, Verstraeten R, Kolsteren P (2016) Household dietary diversity and animal source food consumption in Ethiopia: evidence from the 2011 welfare monitoring survey. BMC Public Health 16(1):1\u201311","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"246_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crsust.2020.100014","volume":"2","author":"E Workie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Workie E, Mackolil J, Nyika J, Ramadas S (2020) Deciphering the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on food security, agriculture, and livelihoods: a review of the evidence from developing countries. Curr Res Environ Sustain 2:100014","journal-title":"Curr Res Environ Sustain"},{"key":"246_CR82","unstructured":"World Bank (2020) Assessing the economic impact of COVID-19 and Policy Responses in Sub-Saharan Africa"},{"key":"246_CR83","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019) The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2019: Safeguarding against economic slowdowns and downturns (Vol. 2019). Food and Agriculture Org"},{"key":"246_CR84","first-page":"405","volume-title":"Elementary sampling theory","author":"T Yamane","year":"1967","unstructured":"Yamane T (1967) Elementary sampling theory, 1st edn. Prentice Hall Inc., Englewoods Cliffs, New Jersey, p 405","edition":"1"},{"issue":"1","key":"246_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3390\/su11010185","volume":"11","author":"M Yami","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yami M, Feleke S, Abdoulaye T, Alene A, Bamba Z, Manyong V (2019) African rural youth engagement in agribusiness: achievements, limitations, and lessons. Sustainability 11(1):185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su11010185","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"246_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2020.04.027","volume":"76","author":"T Yeboah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yeboah T, Chigumira E, John I, Anyidoho NA, Manyong V, Flynn J, Sumberg J (2020) Hard work and hazard: young people and agricultural commercialisation in Africa. J Rural Stud 76:142\u2013151","journal-title":"J Rural Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"246_CR87","first-page":"61","volume":"60","author":"SA Yusuf","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yusuf SA, Balogun OL, Falegbe OE (2015) Effect of urban household farming on food security status in Ibadan metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria. J Agric Sci 60(1):61\u201375","journal-title":"J Agric Sci"}],"container-title":["Agricultural and Food Economics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40100-023-00246-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40100-023-00246-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40100-023-00246-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T15:32:37Z","timestamp":1701963157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agrifoodecon.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40100-023-00246-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["246"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40100-023-00246-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-7532"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-7532","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 September 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 December 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Respondents were informed about the purpose of the study and that participation was voluntary. Informed verbal and written consent was sought from participants before the survey.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The author declares that they have no competing interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4"}}