{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:23:06Z","timestamp":1777620186890,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Physiol Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Technological innovations have allowed the use of miniature apparatus that can easily control and program heat and cold stimulations using Peltier elements. The wearable thermo-device has a potential to be applied to conventional contrast bath therapy. This study aimed to examine the effects of alternating heat and cold stimulation (HC) using a wearable thermo-device on subjective and objective improvement of shoulder stiffness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty healthy young male individuals (20.3 \u00b1 0.6 years) participated in this study. The interventions were randomly conducted under four conditions, including HC, heat stimulation, cold stimulation, and no stimulation on their bilateral trapezius muscle, after a 30-min typing task. Each intervention was administered at least 1 week apart. The analyzed limb was the dominant arm. Muscle hardness was assessed using a portable muscle hardness meter, as well as the skin temperature over the stimulated area. After each condition, the participants were asked for feedback regarding subjective improvement in refreshed feelings, muscle stiffness, and muscle fatigue using an 11-point numerical rating scale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>With regard to muscle hardness, only the HC condition significantly decreased from 1.43 N to 1.37 N (<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>= 0.44,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05). Additionally, reduced muscle hardness in HC condition was associated with the degree of skin cooling during the intervention (cold max:<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= 0.634,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.01; cold change:<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= \u22120.548,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05). Subjective improvement in refreshed feelings, muscle stiffness, and muscle fatigue was determined in the HC and heat stimulation conditions compared with the no stimulation condition (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.01 and<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05, respectively). Moreover, the HC condition showed significantly greater improvements in muscle stiffness and fatigue compared to the cold stimulation condition (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study demonstrated that HC promoted not only better subjective symptoms, such as muscle stiffness and fatigue, but also lesser muscle hardness. Furthermore, an association was observed between the degree of skin temperature cooling and reduced muscle hardness during HC. Further investigations on the ratio and intensity of cooling should be conducted in the future to establish the optimal HC protocol for muscle stiffness or fatigue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/upload.umin.ac.jp\/cgi-open-bin\/ctr_e\/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000046359\">UMIN000040620<\/jats:ext-link>. Registered 1 June 2020<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-021-00275-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T17:02:57Z","timestamp":1641229377000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Effects of alternating heat and cold stimulation using a wearable thermo-device on subjective and objective shoulder stiffness"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9750-8828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomonori","family":"Sawada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4211-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Okawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1105-2669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Nakashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4865-1833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuhei","family":"Iwabuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morio","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7916-5497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaya","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takeo","family":"Nagura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"275_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqg120","volume":"53","author":"J Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4 J, Huikko S, Nyberg M, Kivi P, Laippala P, Uitti J. Effect of work with visual display units on musculo-skeletal disorders in the office environment. Occup Med (Lond). 2003;53(7):443\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/occmed\/kqg120.","journal-title":"Occup Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"275_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2004.03.001","volume":"11","author":"Z Ming","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ming Z, N\u00e4rhi M, Siivola J. Neck and shoulder pain related to computer use. Pathophysiology. 2004;11(1):51\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pathophys.2004.03.001.","journal-title":"Pathophysiology."},{"issue":"3","key":"275_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2007.02.015","volume":"21","author":"B Larsson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Larsson B, S\u00f8gaard K, Rosendal L. Work related neck-shoulder pain: a review on magnitude, risk factors, biochemical characteristics, clinical picture and preventive interventions. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007;21(3):447\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2007.02.015.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"9859","key":"275_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2","volume":"380","author":"T Vos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet (London, England). 2012;380(9859):2163\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2.","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"3","key":"275_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2014.08.002","volume":"28","author":"L March","year":"2014","unstructured":"March L, Smith EU, Hoy DG, Cross MJ, Sanchez-Riera L, Blyth F, et al. Burden of disability due to musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2014;28(3):353\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2014.08.002.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"275_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1220-4","volume":"96","author":"B Juul-Kristensen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Juul-Kristensen B, Kadefors R, Hansen K, Bystr\u00f6m P, Sandsj\u00f6 L, Sj\u00f8gaard G. Clinical signs and physical function in neck and upper extremities among elderly female computer users: the NEW study. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;96(2):136\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-004-1220-4.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"275_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-12-169","volume":"12","author":"LL Andersen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Andersen LL, Hansen K, Mortensen OS, Zebis MK. Prevalence and anatomical location of muscle tenderness in adults with nonspecific neck\/shoulder pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011;12(1):169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2474-12-169.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"275_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/352735","volume":"2014","author":"M Brandt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brandt M, Sundstrup E, Jakobsen MD, Jay K, Colado JC, Wang Y, et al. Association between neck\/shoulder pain and trapezius muscle tenderness in office workers. Pain Res Treat. 2014;2014:352735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/352735.","journal-title":"Pain Res Treat"},{"issue":"12","key":"275_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnw114","volume":"17","author":"E Cerezo-T\u00e9llez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cerezo-T\u00e9llez E, Torres-Lacomba M, Mayoral-Del Moral O, S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez B, Dommerholt J, Guti\u00e9rrez-Ortega C. Prevalence of myofascial pain syndrome in chronic non-specific neck pain: a population-based cross-sectional descriptive study. Pain Med. 2016;17(12):2369\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnw114.","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"275_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155187","volume":"11","author":"HT Leong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leong HT, Hug F, Fu SN. Increased upper trapezius muscle stiffness in overhead athletes with rotator cuff tendinopathy. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0155187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0155187.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"275_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2005.06.005","volume":"16","author":"B Visser","year":"2006","unstructured":"Visser B, van Die\u00ebn JH. Pathophysiology of upper extremity muscle disorders. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2006;16(1):1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jelekin.2005.06.005.","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"275_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/19992","volume":"22","author":"S Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun S, Folarin AA, Ranjan Y, Rashid Z, Conde P, Stewart C, et al. Using smartphones and wearable devices to monitor behavioral changes during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(9):e19992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/19992.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"275_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.3.273","volume":"61","author":"A van Tubergen","year":"2002","unstructured":"van Tubergen A, van der Linden S. A brief history of spa therapy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61(3):273\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.61.3.273.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"275_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02897707","volume":"10","author":"A Nasermoaddeli","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nasermoaddeli A, Kagamimori S. Balneotherapy in medicine: a review. Environ Health Prev Med. 2005;10(4):171\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02897707.","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"275_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2003.10.002","volume":"5","author":"DJ Cochrane","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cochrane DJ. Alternating hot and cold water immersion for athlete recovery: a review. Phys Ther Sport. 2004;5(1):26\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ptsp.2003.10.002.","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"issue":"4","key":"275_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1197\/s0894-1130(03)00161-3","volume":"16","author":"DB Stanton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stanton DB, Bear-Lehman J, Graziano M, Ryan C. Contrast baths: what do we know about their use? J Hand Ther. 2003;16(4):343\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1197\/s0894-1130(03)00161-3.","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"275_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0063-8","volume":"43","author":"NG Versey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Versey NG, Halson SL, Dawson BT. Water immersion recovery for athletes: effect on exercise performance and practical recommendations. Sports Med. 2013;43(11):1101\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-013-0063-8.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"275_CR18","volume-title":"Chapter 6 hydrotherapy: the use of water as a therapeutic agent. In: thermal agents in rehabilitation. Third ed","author":"MT Walsh","year":"1996","unstructured":"Walsh MT. Chapter 6 hydrotherapy: the use of water as a therapeutic agent. In: thermal agents in rehabilitation. Third ed. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company; 1996."},{"issue":"3","key":"275_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2008.06.001","volume":"9","author":"WA Hing","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hing WA, White SG, Bouaaphone A, Lee P. Contrast therapy--a systematic review. Phys Ther Sport. 2008;9(3):148\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ptsp.2008.06.001.","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"issue":"1","key":"275_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2008.08.001","volume":"22","author":"DE Breger Stanton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Breger Stanton DE, Lazaro R, Macdermid JC. A systematic review of the effectiveness of contrast baths. J Hand Ther. 2009;22(1):57\u201369quiz 70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jht.2008.08.001.","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"275_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062356","volume":"8","author":"F Bieuzen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bieuzen F, Bleakley CM, Costello JT. Contrast water therapy and exercise induced muscle damage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e62356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0062356.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"275_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/msm.922544","volume":"26","author":"J Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim J, Jung H, Yim J. Effects of contrast therapy using infrared and cryotherapy as compared with contrast bath therapy on blood flow, muscle tone, and pain threshold in young healthy adults. Med Sci Monit. 2020;26:e922544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/msm.922544.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"3","key":"275_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00325-6","volume":"93","author":"VM Sciotti","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sciotti VM, Mittak VL, DiMarco L, Ford LM, Plezbert J, Santipadri E, et al. Clinical precision of myofascial trigger point location in the trapezius muscle. Pain. 2001;93(3):259\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00325-6.","journal-title":"Pain."},{"issue":"4","key":"275_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clch.2009.01.007","volume":"11","author":"H Gemmell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gemmell H, Allen A. Relative immediate effect of ischaemic compression and activator trigger point therapy on active upper trapezius trigger points: a randomised trial. Clin Chiropr. 2008;11(4):175\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clch.2009.01.007.","journal-title":"Clin Chiropr"},{"issue":"5","key":"275_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-6870(01)00026-6","volume":"32","author":"M Horikawa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Horikawa M. Effect of visual display terminal height on the trapezius muscle hardness: quantitative evaluation by a newly developed muscle hardness meter. Appl Ergon. 2001;32(5):473\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0003-6870(01)00026-6.","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"issue":"1","key":"275_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3510-z","volume":"117","author":"H Ishikawa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ishikawa H, Muraki T, Morise S, Sekiguchi Y, Yamamoto N, Itoi E, et al. Changes in stiffness of the dorsal scapular muscles before and after computer work: a comparison between individuals with and without neck and shoulder complaints. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017;117(1):179\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-016-3510-z.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"275_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.08.008","volume":"95","author":"M Kothari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kothari M, Svensson P, Jensen J, Holm TD, Nielsen MS, Mosegaard T, et al. Tongue-controlled computer game: a new approach for rehabilitation of tongue motor function. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(3):524\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.08.008.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"275_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.04.001","volume":"41","author":"R Akagi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Akagi R, Kusama S. Comparison between neck and shoulder stiffness determined by shear wave ultrasound elastography and a muscle hardness meter. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2015;41(8):2266\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.04.001.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"275_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s11282-012-0111-3","volume":"29","author":"Y Ariji","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ariji Y, Gotoh A, Hiraiwa Y, Kise Y, Nakayama M, Nishiyama W, et al. Sonographic elastography for evaluation of masseter muscle hardness. Oral Radiol. 2013;29(1):64\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11282-012-0111-3.","journal-title":"Oral Radiol"},{"issue":"24","key":"275_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7200","DOI":"10.3390\/s20247200","volume":"20","author":"T Sawada","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sawada T, Okawara H, Nakashima D, Iwabuchi S, Matsumoto M, Nakamura M, et al. Reliability of trapezius muscle hardness measurement: a comparison between portable muscle hardness meter and ultrasound strain elastography. Sensors. 2020;20(24):7200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20247200.","journal-title":"Sensors."},{"key":"275_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences: Elsevier Science; 2013."},{"issue":"3","key":"275_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2013.10.007","volume":"45","author":"S Goostrey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goostrey S, Treleaven J, Johnston V. Evaluation of document location during computer use in terms of neck muscle activity and neck movement. Appl Ergon. 2014;45(3):767\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2013.10.007.","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"275_CR33","volume-title":"Chapter 5 biophysical principles of heating and superficial heating agents. In: thermal agents in rehabilitation. Third ed","author":"GA Rennie","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rennie GA, Michlovitz SL. Chapter 5 biophysical principles of heating and superficial heating agents. In: thermal agents in rehabilitation. Third ed. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company; 1996."},{"key":"275_CR34","volume-title":"Chapter 8 superficial cold and heat. In: physical agents in rehabilitation: from research to practice. Fourth ed","author":"MH Cameron","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cameron MH. Chapter 8 superficial cold and heat. In: physical agents in rehabilitation: from research to practice. Fourth ed. St. Louis: Elsevier\/Saunders; 2013."},{"key":"275_CR35","first-page":"1","volume":"38","author":"H Hensel","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hensel H. Thermoreception and temperature regulation. Monogr Physiol Soc. 1981;38:1\u2013321.","journal-title":"Monogr Physiol Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"275_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200201000-00008","volume":"34","author":"CS Enwemeka","year":"2002","unstructured":"Enwemeka CS, Allen C, Avila P, Bina J, Konrade J, Munns S. Soft tissue thermodynamics before, during, and after cold pack therapy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(1):45\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-200201000-00008.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"275_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-198806000-00004","volume":"67","author":"RT Katz","year":"1988","unstructured":"Katz RT. Management of spasticity. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;67(3):108\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00002060-198806000-00004.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"275_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.2340\/1650197701126132","volume":"1","author":"E Knutsson","year":"1969","unstructured":"Knutsson E, Mattsson E. Effects of local cooling on monosynaptic reflexes in man. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1969;1(3):126\u201332.","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"275_CR39","first-page":"198","volume":"52","author":"O Miglietta","year":"1973","unstructured":"Miglietta O. Action of cold on spasticity. Am J Phys Med. 1973;52(4):198\u2013205.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"275_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200535100-00004","volume":"35","author":"CR Abbiss","year":"2005","unstructured":"Abbiss CR, Laursen PB. Models to explain fatigue during prolonged endurance cycling. Sports Med. 2005;35(10):865\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-200535100-00004.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"275_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050055","volume":"81","author":"M Bj\u00f6rklund","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rklund M, Crenshaw AG, Djupsj\u00f6backa M, Johansson H. Position sense acuity is diminished following repetitive low-intensity work to fatigue in a simulated occupational setting. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000;81(5):361\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004210050055.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"275_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.57.7.433","volume":"57","author":"DA van der Windt","year":"2000","unstructured":"van der Windt DA, Thomas E, Pope DP, de Winter AF, Macfarlane GJ, Bouter LM, et al. Occupational risk factors for shoulder pain: a systematic review. Occup Environ Med. 2000;57(7):433\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oem.57.7.433.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"275_CR43","first-page":"122","volume":"68","author":"AA Fischer","year":"1987","unstructured":"Fischer AA. Tissue compliance meter for objective, quantitative documentation of soft tissue consistency and pathology. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987;68(2):122\u20135.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"275_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210000242","volume":"82","author":"M Murayama","year":"2000","unstructured":"Murayama M, Nosaka K, Yoneda T, Minamitani K. Changes in hardness of the human elbow flexor muscles after eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000;82(5-6):361\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004210000242.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"275_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2011.03.012","volume":"66","author":"O Yanagisawa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yanagisawa O, Niitsu M, Kurihara T, Fukubayashi T. Evaluation of human muscle hardness after dynamic exercise with ultrasound real-time tissue elastography: a feasibility study. Clin Radiol. 2011;66(9):815\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crad.2011.03.012.","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"275_CR46","first-page":"481","volume":"51","author":"JF Lehmann","year":"1970","unstructured":"Lehmann JF, Masock AJ, Warren CG, Koblanski JN. Effect of therapeutic temperatures on tendon extensibility. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1970;51(8):481\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"275_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.11.003","volume":"13","author":"J Nakano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nakano J, Yamabayashi C, Scott A, Reid WD. The effect of heat applied with stretch to increase range of motion: a systematic review. Phys Ther Sport. 2012;13(3):180\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.11.003.","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"}],"container-title":["Journal of Physiological Anthropology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40101-021-00275-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40101-021-00275-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40101-021-00275-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T06:46:42Z","timestamp":1700030802000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jphysiolanthropol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40101-021-00275-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40101-021-00275-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1880-6805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1880-6805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2022","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The paper was amended to insert additional note \"In addition to the above, this work was supported by a grant from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development: 21hm0102077h0002\" in Funding section.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The experimental design was approved by the P-One Clinic Ethical Committee. All participants were informed regarding the purpose of this study, after which informed consent was obtained prior to participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Daisuke Nakashima is the president of Grace imaging Inc. and holds shares in this company. This company has no involvement in this research. The other authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1"}}