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Non-visual photoreception and consequently non-visual sensitivity to light may change across child development. The PLR represents a quick and reliable method for examining non-visual responses to light in children. The purpose of this study was to assess differences in the PLRs to blue and red stimuli, measured one hour prior to bedtime, between children and adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty healthy participants (8\u20139\u00a0years,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200921; 15\u201316\u00a0years,\n                      <jats:italic>n\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u200919) completed a PLR assessment 1\u00a0h before their habitual bedtime. After a 1\u00a0h dim-light adaptation period (&lt;\u20091\u00a0lx), baseline pupil diameter was measured in darkness for 30\u00a0s, followed by a 10\u00a0s exposure to 3.0\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                      photons\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/s of either red (627\u00a0nm) or blue (459\u00a0nm) light, and a 40\u00a0s recovery in darkness to assess pupillary re-dilation. Subsequently, participants underwent 7\u00a0min of dim-light re-adaptation followed by an exposure to the other light condition. Lights were counterbalanced across participants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Across both age groups, maximum pupil constriction was significantly greater (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, \u03b7\n                      <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.48) and more sustained (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, \u03b7\n                      <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.41) during exposure to blue compared to red light. For adolescents, the post-illumination pupillary response (PIPR), a hallmark of melanopsin function, was larger after blue compared with red light (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02, d\u2009=\u20090.60). This difference was not observed in children. Across light exposures, children had larger phasic (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01, \u03b7\n                      <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.20) and maximal (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01, \u03b7\n                      <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.22) pupil constrictions compared to adolescents.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blue light elicited a greater and more sustained pupillary response than red light in children and adolescents. However, the overall amplitude of the rod\/cone-driven phasic response was greater in children than in adolescents. Our findings using the PLR highlight a higher sensitivity to evening light in children compared to adolescents, and continued maturation of the human non-visual photoreception\/system throughout development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-024-00363-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T03:02:14Z","timestamp":1719975734000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Differences in the pupillary responses to evening light between children and adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3643-8894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Hartstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique K.","family":"LeBourgeois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark T.","family":"Durniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond P.","family":"Najjar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"363_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067262","volume":"295","author":"DM Berson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Berson DM, Dunn FA, Takao M. 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Parents provided written, informed consent and children\/adolescents provided written assent to participate.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"LEH and MTD have no financial or personal conflicts to declare. MKL reports receiving travel funds from the Australian Research Council and research support from the National Institutes of Health, beyond the submitted work. RPN has a patent application for a handheld pupillometer (PCT\/SG2018\/050204): Handheld ophthalmic and neurological screening device. The device was not used in this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"16"}}