{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T02:08:03Z","timestamp":1783908483790,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education Fundamental Grant Research Scheme","award":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/STG01\/SYUC\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/STG01\/SYUC\/02\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Physiol Anthropol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Muscle dysmorphia (MD) is a body image disturbance characterized by an obsessive drive for muscularity, increasingly observed in non-Western populations. However, limited data exist on its associations with physical activity (PA) and body composition in Asian contexts. This study examined the relationships between MD-related body image concerns, PA levels, and anthropometric\/body composition characteristics among young Asian adults in Malaysia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study involving 513 university students in Malaysia (207 males, 306 females; median age 21\u2009\u00b1\u20092\u00a0years) was conducted. Participants completed validated questionnaires assessing MD-related concerns\u2014Drive for Leanness Scale (DLS), Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS), MD Disorder Inventory (MDDI), Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET)\u2014and weight control behaviors. PA was assessed using the IPAQ-SF, and body composition was measured via bioimpedance. Sex differences, correlations, and multiple regression analyses were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Males reported significantly higher DMS and MDDI scores, greater skeletal muscle, and higher PA levels (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), while females had higher adiposity measures. PA showed positive associations with all MD-related body image concerns, including DMS (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.149), MDDI (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.188), and MOET (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.107). Regression models also identified BMI, waist-to-height ratio, subcutaneous fat, financial adequacy, and life satisfaction as significant associated factors. Participants in higher PA categories reported more severe MD-related concerns.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, the findings indicate that while PA and body composition are statistically associated with MD-related concerns, these relationships are relatively weak, suggesting that objective physical characteristics play a limited role. This underscores the importance of considering psychological and sociocultural factors when examining MD\u00a0among young Asian adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-026-00427-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T02:34:50Z","timestamp":1779158090000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations between muscle dysmorphia-related body image concerns, physical activity, and body composition: a cross-sectional study among young Asian adults in Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Yee-How","family":"Say","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Hui","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur Fadhilah Syuhada","family":"Nazaruddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingruo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen Yi","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei Ling","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Che","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"427_CR1","volume-title":"Body image: a handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cash TF, editor. 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Ethical approvals were obtained from the Sunway University Research Ethics Committee (SUREC) with (Approval ID: SUREC 2024\/029) and the University of Nottingham Malaysia Faculty of Science and Engineering Research Integrity and Research Ethics Committee (Approval ID: CSH210624) before the commencement of the study. All participants provided informed written consent before completing the survey, and their responses were anonymous and confidential.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17"}}