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However, extensive reduction of dietary CP can compromise growth performance due to limited synthesis of non-essential AA and limited availability of bioactive compounds from protein supplements even when AA requirements are met. Moreover, implementing a low CP formulation can increase the net energy (NE) content in feeds causing excessive fat deposition. Additional supplementation of functional AA, coupled with low CP formulation could further enhance intestinal health and glucose metabolism, improving nitrogen utilization, and growth performance. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of low CP formulations with supplemental AA on the intestinal health and growth performance of growing-finishing pigs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Exp. 1, 90 pigs (19.7\u2009\u00b1\u20091.1\u00a0kg, 45 barrows and 45 gilts) were assigned to 3 treatments: CON (18.0% CP, supplementing Lys, Met, and Thr), LCP (16.0% CP, supplementing Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, and Val), and LCPT (16.1% CP, LCP\u2009+\u20090.05% SID Trp). In Exp. 2, 72 pigs (34.2\u2009\u00b1\u20094.2\u00a0kg BW) were assigned to 3 treatments: CON (17.7% CP, meeting the requirements of Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp); LCP (15.0% CP, meeting Lys, Thr, Trp, Met, Val, Ile, and Phe); and VLCP (12.8% CP, meeting Lys, Thr, Trp, Met, Val, Ile, Phe, His, and Leu). In Exp. 3, 72 pigs (54.1\u2009\u00b1\u20095.9\u00a0kg BW) were assigned to 3 treatments and fed experimental diets for 3 phases\u00a0(grower 2, finishing 1, and finishing 2). Treatments were CON (18.0%, 13.8%, 12.7% CP for 3 phases; meeting Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp); LCP (13.5%, 11.4%, 10.4% CP\u00a0for\u00a03 phases; meeting Lys, Thr, Trp, Met, Val, Ile, and Phe); and LCPG (14.1%, 12.8%, 11.1% CP\u00a0for\u00a03 phases; LCP\u2009+\u2009Glu to match SID Glu with CON). All diets had 2.6 Mcal\/kg NE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In Exp. 1, overall, the growth performance did not differ among treatments. The LCPT increased (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) Claudin-1 expression in the duodenum and jejunum. The LCP and LCPT increased (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) CAT-1, 4F2hc, and B\n                      <jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>\n                      AT expressions in the jejunum. In Exp. 2, overall, the VLCP reduced (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) G:F and BUN. The LCP and VLCP increased (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) the backfat thickness (BFT). In Exp. 3, overall, growth performance and BFT did not differ among treatments. The LCPG reduced (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) BUN, whereas increased the insulin in plasma. The LCP and LCPG reduced (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) the abundance of Streptococcaceae, whereas the LCP reduced (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) Erysipelotrichaceae\n                      <jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the alpha diversity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When implementing low CP formulation, CP can be reduced by supplementation of Lys, Thr, Met, Trp, Val, and Ile without affecting the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs when NE is adjusted to avoid increased fat deposition. Supplementation of Trp above the requirement or supplementation of Glu in low CP formulation seems to benefit intestinal health as well as improved nitrogen utilization and glucose metabolism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-024-01015-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T04:01:51Z","timestamp":1711339311000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Low crude protein formulation with supplemental amino acids for its impacts on intestinal health and growth performance of growing-finishing pigs"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Marcos Elias","family":"Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanpuech","family":"Parnsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rvio L. 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