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This study was investigated to explore the different effects of altering the ratio of C16:0 and <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>-9 C18:1 in fat supplements on growth performance, lipid metabolism, intestinal barrier, cecal microbiota, and inflammation in fattening bulls. Thirty finishing Angus bulls (626\u2009\u00b1\u200969\u00a0kg, 21\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5 months) were divided into 3 treatments according to the randomized block design: (1) control diet without additional fat (CON), (2) CON\u2009+\u20092.5% palmitic acid calcium salt (PA, 90% C16:0), and\u00a0(3) CON\u2009+\u20092.5% mixed fatty acid calcium salt (MA, 60% C16:0\u2009+\u200930% <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>-9 C18:1). The experiment lasted for 104 d, after which all the bulls were slaughtered and sampled for analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>MA tended to reduce 0\u201352 d dry matter intake compared to PA (DMI, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.052). Compared with CON and MA, PA significantly increased 0\u201352 d average daily gain (ADG, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.027). PA tended to improve the 0\u201352 d feed conversion rate compared with CON (FCR, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.088). Both PA and MA had no significant effect on 52\u2013104 days of DMI, ADG and FCR (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). PA tended to improve plasma triglycerides compared with MA (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.077), significantly increased plasma cholesterol (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002) and tended to improve subcutaneous adipose weight (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.066) when compared with CON and MA. Both PA and MA increased visceral adipose weight compared with CON (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.021). Only PA increased the colonization of Rikenellaceae, <jats:italic>Ruminococcus<\/jats:italic> and Proteobacteria in the cecum, and MA increased <jats:italic>Akkermansia<\/jats:italic> abundance (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Compared with CON, both PA and MA down-regulated the mRNA expression of Claudin-1 in the jejunum (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), increased plasma diamine oxidase (DAO, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.045). Compared with CON and MA, PA down-regulated the <jats:italic>ZO-1<\/jats:italic> in the jejunum (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and increased plasma LPS-binding protein (LBP, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Compared with CON, only PA down-regulated the Occludin in the jejunum (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.013). Compared with CON, PA and MA significantly up-regulated the expression of <jats:italic>TLR-4<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>NF-\u03baB<\/jats:italic> in the visceral adipose (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and increased plasma IL-6 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Compared with CON, only PA up-regulated the <jats:italic>TNF-\u03b1<\/jats:italic> in the visceral adipose (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01). Compared with CON and MA, PA up-regulated <jats:italic>IL-6<\/jats:italic> in the visceral adipose (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), increased plasma TNF-\u03b1 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and reduced the IgG content in plasma (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.035). Compared with CON, PA and MA increased C16:0 in subcutaneous fat and <jats:italic>longissimus dorsi<\/jats:italic> muscle (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), while more C16:0 was also deposited by extension and desaturation into C18:0 and <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>-9 C18:1. However, neither PA nor MA affected the content of <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>-9 C18:1 in <jats:italic>longissimus dorsi<\/jats:italic> muscle compared with CON (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>MA containing 30% <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>-9 C18:1 reduced the risk of high C16:0 dietary fat induced subcutaneous fat obesity, adipose tissue and systemic low-grade inflammation by accelerating fatty acid oxidative utilization, improving colonization of <jats:italic>Akkermansia<\/jats:italic>, reducing intestinal barrier damage, and down-regulating <jats:italic>NF-\u03baB<\/jats:italic> activation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-024-01052-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]],"date-time":"2024-07-07T00:01:52Z","timestamp":1720310512000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effects of altering the ratio of C16:0 and cis-9 C18:1 in rumen bypass fat on growth performance, lipid metabolism, intestinal barrier, cecal microbiota, and inflammation in fattening bulls"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Haixin","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haosheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Modinat Tolani","family":"Lambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonggen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1052_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.04.005","volume":"14","author":"Y Dong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dong Y, Wei Y, Wang L, Song K, Zhang C, Lu K. 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